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<p>The global rise in cancer occurrence, together with the spread of multidrug resistance, highlights the critical demand for innovative treatment strategies. Nano-delivery approaches have emerged as promising solutions that enhance bioavailability and facilitate targeted drug delivery. This study evaluated the anticancer efficacy of <i>Nepeta glomerulosa</i> extract and its silver-loaded nanoemulsion (Ag-N.g.Ext. NEs) against human lung (A549) and gastric (AGS) cells.</p><p><b>Methods</b></p><p><i>Nepeta glomerulosa</i> was collected from the Binaloud Mountains, and a hydroalcoholic extract was obtained by maceration. Ag-N.g.Ext. NEs were prepared via high-energy emulsification and characterized by FTIR, SEM, DLS, ZP, and XRD. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis were assessed using MTT assay, DAPI staining, and Real-time PCR of TP53 and BAX genes.</p><p><b>Results</b></p><p>Ag-N.g.Ext. NEs were spherical (confirmed by SEM) with a PSA (DLS) size of 269.5&#xa0;nm, a negative zeta potential of -23.1 mV, and a non-crystalline structure. The IC₅₀ of the extract for A549 and AGS was 500 and 250&#xa0;µg/mL, while the Ag-N.g.Ext. NEs showed enhanced potency with an IC₅₀ of 125&#xa0;µg/mL. Apoptosis and gene expression were significantly higher in Ag-N.g.Ext. NEs-treated cells (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). TP53 expression increased 3.317-fold in A549 and 8.027-fold in AGS; BAX increased 3.877-fold in A549 and 2.351-fold in AGS.</p><p><b>Conclusions</b></p><p>Nanoemulsion-based delivery significantly enhances the anticancer efficacy of the extract by promoting apoptosis, offering a promising strategy for plant-derived therapeutics.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Silver-loaded nanoemulsion of Nepeta glomerulosa extract enhances cytotoxicity and induces apoptosis in A549 and AGS cancer cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Sepideh Sahebi,
  • Golaleh Mostafavi,
  • Seyyedeh Mahdokht Maddah

摘要

The global rise in cancer occurrence, together with the spread of multidrug resistance, highlights the critical demand for innovative treatment strategies. Nano-delivery approaches have emerged as promising solutions that enhance bioavailability and facilitate targeted drug delivery. This study evaluated the anticancer efficacy of Nepeta glomerulosa extract and its silver-loaded nanoemulsion (Ag-N.g.Ext. NEs) against human lung (A549) and gastric (AGS) cells.

Methods

Nepeta glomerulosa was collected from the Binaloud Mountains, and a hydroalcoholic extract was obtained by maceration. Ag-N.g.Ext. NEs were prepared via high-energy emulsification and characterized by FTIR, SEM, DLS, ZP, and XRD. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis were assessed using MTT assay, DAPI staining, and Real-time PCR of TP53 and BAX genes.

Results

Ag-N.g.Ext. NEs were spherical (confirmed by SEM) with a PSA (DLS) size of 269.5 nm, a negative zeta potential of -23.1 mV, and a non-crystalline structure. The IC₅₀ of the extract for A549 and AGS was 500 and 250 µg/mL, while the Ag-N.g.Ext. NEs showed enhanced potency with an IC₅₀ of 125 µg/mL. Apoptosis and gene expression were significantly higher in Ag-N.g.Ext. NEs-treated cells (p ≤ 0.05). TP53 expression increased 3.317-fold in A549 and 8.027-fold in AGS; BAX increased 3.877-fold in A549 and 2.351-fold in AGS.

Conclusions

Nanoemulsion-based delivery significantly enhances the anticancer efficacy of the extract by promoting apoptosis, offering a promising strategy for plant-derived therapeutics.

Graphical Abstract