Background <p>Globally, depression and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) are among the most common mental health conditions. In Iraq, decades of war, displacement, economic hardship, and an under-resourced mental health infrastructure have contributed to an increasing mental health burden.</p> Aim <p>This study aimed to explore the prevalence of depression and GAD and examine sociodemographic correlates in a nationwide sample in Iraq.</p> Method <p>A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2024 to February 2025 in Iraq using a hybrid approach, relying mainly on in-person recruitment and supplemented with an online survey in remote areas to improve inclusion. A total of 3,107 participants aged ≥ 18 years completed the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlations, and simple linear regression to estimate prevalence, compare groups, assess comorbidity, and evaluate predictive relationships.</p> Results <p>Among 3,107 adults (56.2% female; mean age = 35.6 years), severe depression was found in 20.4% of the general sample (Middle / South 22.3% vs. KRI 19.3%), and severe anxiety was 12.0% of the general sample (Middle / South 14.5% vs. KRI 10.6%). Female, widowed/separated adults, younger adults (18–35 years) and those with lower socioeconomic status or poorer health showed significantly higher levels (all <i>p</i> &lt; .001). Anxiety was strongly correlated with depression (<i>r</i> = .792, <i>p</i> &lt; .001) and predicted depressive symptoms (R² = 0.628).</p> Conclusion <p>This study found high levels of depression and anxiety in the sample, with higher symptoms reported in the middle and southern provinces. Anxiety and depression were strongly associated and several sociodemographic groups showed elevated vulnerability. These results highlight the need for accessible, context-sensitive mental health support in Iraq and should be interpreted considering sampling and methodological limitations.</p>