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Background <p>Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder among children that significantly impacts various aspects of life, including academic performance, peer relationships, and overall daily functioning. Recent research has suggested that vitamin D may play a role in improving ADHD symptoms, although the mechanisms remain unclear.</p> Objectives <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to determine the association between serum vitamin D and ADHD symptoms in children, summarizing evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies.</p> Methods <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines, evaluating studies published up to 27th April 2025. Eligible studies assessed serum vitamin D levels or supplementation and ADHD symptoms in children aged 6–18 years and in mothers under 40. Meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled mean differences and odds ratios for ADHD risk associated with vitamin D deficiency.</p> Results <p>A total of 37 studies were included, comprising 30 observational studies and seven RCTs, with a combined sample of 24,336 participants. The pooled mean difference of serum vitamin D concentration between ADHD cases and controls showed a significant difference (–6.55 ng/mL, 95% CI: –8.06, –5.03, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), indicating that children with ADHD had lower vitamin D levels. The overall odds ratio (OR) of ADHD in vitamin D-deficient children from 13 studies was significant (OR 1.97, 95% CI: 1.42, 2.75, <i>p</i> = 0.009), suggesting an association between vitamin D deficiency and the increased risk of ADHD in children. Vitamin D deficiency and maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy also were significantly associated with ADHD in offspring (OR 1.50, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.91, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). ADHD total scores, inattention scores, and Connor parent questionnaire scores all demonstrated significant improvement with vitamin D supplementation, while hyperactivity scores did not show significant changes.</p> Conclusion <p>This meta-analysis supports an association between low vitamin D levels and increased ADHD risk in children. Supplementation was associated with improvement in some ADHD symptoms, although causal relationships remain unproven; therefore, further high-quality trials are required to establish a clear causal link and optimize vitamin D supplementation strategies for ADHD management.</p>

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The association between serum vitamin D concentration and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and interventional studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Youssef A. Ismail,
  • Noreen M. El-Bayaa,
  • Mariam M. Fouad,
  • Nourhan Khaled,
  • Nadeen Nagy,
  • Rana M. El-Mahdy,
  • Amr A. Al-Alfy,
  • Abduelrhman El-Gharib,
  • Ahmed A. N. Behiri,
  • Ezzeldin Abouelatta,
  • Islam Ahmed

摘要

Background

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder among children that significantly impacts various aspects of life, including academic performance, peer relationships, and overall daily functioning. Recent research has suggested that vitamin D may play a role in improving ADHD symptoms, although the mechanisms remain unclear.

Objectives

This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to determine the association between serum vitamin D and ADHD symptoms in children, summarizing evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines, evaluating studies published up to 27th April 2025. Eligible studies assessed serum vitamin D levels or supplementation and ADHD symptoms in children aged 6–18 years and in mothers under 40. Meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled mean differences and odds ratios for ADHD risk associated with vitamin D deficiency.

Results

A total of 37 studies were included, comprising 30 observational studies and seven RCTs, with a combined sample of 24,336 participants. The pooled mean difference of serum vitamin D concentration between ADHD cases and controls showed a significant difference (–6.55 ng/mL, 95% CI: –8.06, –5.03, p < 0.001), indicating that children with ADHD had lower vitamin D levels. The overall odds ratio (OR) of ADHD in vitamin D-deficient children from 13 studies was significant (OR 1.97, 95% CI: 1.42, 2.75, p = 0.009), suggesting an association between vitamin D deficiency and the increased risk of ADHD in children. Vitamin D deficiency and maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy also were significantly associated with ADHD in offspring (OR 1.50, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.91, p < 0.001). ADHD total scores, inattention scores, and Connor parent questionnaire scores all demonstrated significant improvement with vitamin D supplementation, while hyperactivity scores did not show significant changes.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis supports an association between low vitamin D levels and increased ADHD risk in children. Supplementation was associated with improvement in some ADHD symptoms, although causal relationships remain unproven; therefore, further high-quality trials are required to establish a clear causal link and optimize vitamin D supplementation strategies for ADHD management.