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Background <p>Population-dependent genetics and normal-range variations in facial morphology have been reported across several populations, but there is paucity of literature on the African population. The study was designed to evaluate the potentials of craniofacial genetics as a differential identification tool amongst the Yoruba-Ethnic nationality in Nigeria<b>.</b> An anthropometric study of two thousand one hundred and nine (2109) randomly selected individuals (age 15–29&#xa0;years) was conducted. The personal information of participants was obtained using semi-structured, self-administered questionnaires, while craniofacial parameters were measured from facial photographs with Digimizer software. DNA was isolated from buccal swabs samples obtained from three hundred participants (300) after careful stratifications to match the chosen ethic group. Segments of two craniofacial-associated genetic markers (<i>PAX3</i> and <i>BMP4 genes)</i> were amplified from participant’s DNA samples using polymerase chain reaction technique. The amplified gene segments were purified, sequenced, and aligned with the reference sequences from the NCBI database.</p> Results <p>A total of 45 samples were observed with synonymous and non-synonymous changes across the 2 genes. These genetic changes were not significantly associated with craniofacial differences in the study population. However, two participants, one each for PAX3 and BMP4, displayed higher polymorphisms that were associated with values of different craniofacial linear parmeters {Nasal width (al–al), Nasal height (n-sn), Morphological facial height (n-gn), Bizygomatic distance (zy–zy), Interendocanthal width (en–en), Ear width (t-pa), Ear height (sa-sba), Mandible height (sto-gn), Mouth width (ch–ch), Vermillion height (ls-sto), Eye fissure width@ R(en-ex)}, different from the general population not statistically significant.</p> Conclusion <p>The slight differences in craniofacial parameter&#xa0;measurements in two individuals, with novel polymorphisms (SNPs) loci in PAX3 and BMP4 provides insights to baseline data for validation of cranio-genetic markers that may be useful in the population under study.</p>

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Craniofacial genetics as a differential identification tool: analysis of a subset of Yoruba-speaking population in Nigeria

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月26日

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  • Suwebat Bidemi Kareem,
  • Olugbenga Akinola,
  • Oluyinka Ajibola Iyiola,
  • Misturah Yetunde Adana,
  • Ade Stephen Alabi,
  • Aminu Imam,
  • Moyosore Salihu Ajao

摘要

Background

Population-dependent genetics and normal-range variations in facial morphology have been reported across several populations, but there is paucity of literature on the African population. The study was designed to evaluate the potentials of craniofacial genetics as a differential identification tool amongst the Yoruba-Ethnic nationality in Nigeria. An anthropometric study of two thousand one hundred and nine (2109) randomly selected individuals (age 15–29 years) was conducted. The personal information of participants was obtained using semi-structured, self-administered questionnaires, while craniofacial parameters were measured from facial photographs with Digimizer software. DNA was isolated from buccal swabs samples obtained from three hundred participants (300) after careful stratifications to match the chosen ethic group. Segments of two craniofacial-associated genetic markers (PAX3 and BMP4 genes) were amplified from participant’s DNA samples using polymerase chain reaction technique. The amplified gene segments were purified, sequenced, and aligned with the reference sequences from the NCBI database.

Results

A total of 45 samples were observed with synonymous and non-synonymous changes across the 2 genes. These genetic changes were not significantly associated with craniofacial differences in the study population. However, two participants, one each for PAX3 and BMP4, displayed higher polymorphisms that were associated with values of different craniofacial linear parmeters {Nasal width (al–al), Nasal height (n-sn), Morphological facial height (n-gn), Bizygomatic distance (zy–zy), Interendocanthal width (en–en), Ear width (t-pa), Ear height (sa-sba), Mandible height (sto-gn), Mouth width (ch–ch), Vermillion height (ls-sto), Eye fissure width@ R(en-ex)}, different from the general population not statistically significant.

Conclusion

The slight differences in craniofacial parameter measurements in two individuals, with novel polymorphisms (SNPs) loci in PAX3 and BMP4 provides insights to baseline data for validation of cranio-genetic markers that may be useful in the population under study.