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<p>One possibility to support Precise Point Positioning with integer Ambiguity Resolution (PPP-AR) is the application of slant ionospheric corrections converted using ionospheric Mapping Functions (MF) from Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC). In such a case, the accuracy of the ionospheric corrections is driven by the uncertainties introduced by both VTEC and MF. Focusing on the ionospheric mapping functions, we note that a Single Layer Model (SLM) MF, which is conventionally used in GNSS positioning, is less effective for regions with high TEC gradients. Hence, in this study, we validate the performance of a new Multi-Layer (ML) approach-based ionospheric mapping function responding to the limitations of the conventional SLM MF. The new ML MF, based on the Neustrelitz Total Electron Content model, leverages the concept of dividing the ionosphere into several thin shells. Consequently, the ratio of aggregated Slant TEC (STEC) and VTECs provides the mapping factors. We validate the MF based on both PPP positioning and GNSS observation domains. We used data from nine GNSS stations distributed in three ionosphere sectors, namely high, middle, and low latitudes, with different daily patterns of the ionosphere. We report a benefit from applying the new multi-layer approach-based MF for PPP performance compared to positioning with a standard SLM. The advances are the most noticeable during the positioning initialization period and, therefore, are reflected in a faster convergence of the fixed solution by 4–10%, on average. The analysis in the GNSS observation domain based on geometry-free linear combination revealed the highest potential of the ML mapping function for the equatorial region.</p>

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Validation of a multi-layer approach-based ionospheric mapping function supporting PPP-AR

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Jacek Paziewski,
  • M. Mainul Hoque,
  • Rafal Sieradzki,
  • Olaf Frauenberger,
  • Pawel Wielgosz,
  • Narayan Dhital,
  • Grzegorz Nykiel,
  • Raul Orus Perez

摘要

One possibility to support Precise Point Positioning with integer Ambiguity Resolution (PPP-AR) is the application of slant ionospheric corrections converted using ionospheric Mapping Functions (MF) from Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC). In such a case, the accuracy of the ionospheric corrections is driven by the uncertainties introduced by both VTEC and MF. Focusing on the ionospheric mapping functions, we note that a Single Layer Model (SLM) MF, which is conventionally used in GNSS positioning, is less effective for regions with high TEC gradients. Hence, in this study, we validate the performance of a new Multi-Layer (ML) approach-based ionospheric mapping function responding to the limitations of the conventional SLM MF. The new ML MF, based on the Neustrelitz Total Electron Content model, leverages the concept of dividing the ionosphere into several thin shells. Consequently, the ratio of aggregated Slant TEC (STEC) and VTECs provides the mapping factors. We validate the MF based on both PPP positioning and GNSS observation domains. We used data from nine GNSS stations distributed in three ionosphere sectors, namely high, middle, and low latitudes, with different daily patterns of the ionosphere. We report a benefit from applying the new multi-layer approach-based MF for PPP performance compared to positioning with a standard SLM. The advances are the most noticeable during the positioning initialization period and, therefore, are reflected in a faster convergence of the fixed solution by 4–10%, on average. The analysis in the GNSS observation domain based on geometry-free linear combination revealed the highest potential of the ML mapping function for the equatorial region.