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<p>Probiotics, recognized as beneficial and active microorganisms, often face challenges in maintaining their functionality under harsh conditions such as exposure to stomach acid and bile salts. Meanwhile, krill oil is a rich source of ω-3 fatty acids, well known for their anti-inflammatory properties, but its instability and hydrophobicity can compromise its biological efficacy. Microencapsulation can address these issues. This study aims to develop novel co-microcapsules containing <i>S. thermophilus</i> and krill oil, and to evaluate their protective efficacy against ulcerative colitis (UC). <i>S. thermophilus</i> and KO were encapsulated in WPI/GA coacervate, freeze-dried, and physicocharacterized. Colitis was induced in a rat model via intrarectal infusion of 2 mL of 3% acetic acid (AA). Protection efficacy was assessed across groups treated with sulfasalazine (Sulf) as reference drug, KO and <i>S. thermophilus</i> (free KO/St), or KO/St co-microcapsules. Assessment parameters included the Disease Activity Index (DAI), systemic inflammatory markers and histopathological scoring. Additionally, immunohistochemical expression and mRNA levels of apoptotic, inflammatory as well as tight junction genes were evaluated. All treatment groups demonstrated significantly lower DAI compared to the AA group. Free KO/St and KO/St co-microcapsules groups showed significantly lower histopathological scores, lower iNOS and Caspase-3 protein expression, lower mRNA levels of inflammatory and apoptotic genes and notably increased the expression of Claudin-1 compared to the AA group. More importantly, compared with Sulf and free KO/St, KO/St co-microcapsules provided better protection. In conclusion, this novel product combines the gut health benefits of <i>S. thermophilus</i> with the systemic anti-inflammatory benefits of KO within the beneficial wall materials WPI/GA, offering a single multifunctional platform to manage UC.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Microencapsulation-driven synergy of krill oil and Streptococcus thermophilus in attenuating of colonic inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress in a murine model of ulcerative colitis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • Dalia M. Mabrouk,
  • Sekena H. Abdel‑Aziem,
  • Soad M. Eweida,
  • Kawkab A. Ahmed,
  • Amany A. Sleem,
  • Ahmed A. Hamed,
  • Dalia A. Youssef,
  • Aida I. El makawy

摘要

Probiotics, recognized as beneficial and active microorganisms, often face challenges in maintaining their functionality under harsh conditions such as exposure to stomach acid and bile salts. Meanwhile, krill oil is a rich source of ω-3 fatty acids, well known for their anti-inflammatory properties, but its instability and hydrophobicity can compromise its biological efficacy. Microencapsulation can address these issues. This study aims to develop novel co-microcapsules containing S. thermophilus and krill oil, and to evaluate their protective efficacy against ulcerative colitis (UC). S. thermophilus and KO were encapsulated in WPI/GA coacervate, freeze-dried, and physicocharacterized. Colitis was induced in a rat model via intrarectal infusion of 2 mL of 3% acetic acid (AA). Protection efficacy was assessed across groups treated with sulfasalazine (Sulf) as reference drug, KO and S. thermophilus (free KO/St), or KO/St co-microcapsules. Assessment parameters included the Disease Activity Index (DAI), systemic inflammatory markers and histopathological scoring. Additionally, immunohistochemical expression and mRNA levels of apoptotic, inflammatory as well as tight junction genes were evaluated. All treatment groups demonstrated significantly lower DAI compared to the AA group. Free KO/St and KO/St co-microcapsules groups showed significantly lower histopathological scores, lower iNOS and Caspase-3 protein expression, lower mRNA levels of inflammatory and apoptotic genes and notably increased the expression of Claudin-1 compared to the AA group. More importantly, compared with Sulf and free KO/St, KO/St co-microcapsules provided better protection. In conclusion, this novel product combines the gut health benefits of S. thermophilus with the systemic anti-inflammatory benefits of KO within the beneficial wall materials WPI/GA, offering a single multifunctional platform to manage UC.

Graphical Abstract