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<p>This study evaluates the sustainability of biodiesel production from selected feedstocks, comprising grease trap waste (GTW), animal tallow waste, and waste cooking oil, by utilizing a life cycle assessment method. The process focuses on converting these non-edible waste oils into biodiesel through advanced transesterification methods, highlighting the potential of renewable resources to enrich energy security and support sustainable development in Pakistan. The process involves various stages of feedstock utilization, including collection, transportation, pretreatment, transesterification, purification, blending, and distribution, resulting in different inventories for each of the three selected feedstocks. Environmental impacts were assessed using a life cycle impact assessment framework, which utilized the ReCiPe methodology for each feedstock, encompassing a total of 10 selected midpoint and endpoint categories. Among the three feedstocks, GTW exhibits the highest environmental impacts, with midpoint results indicating significant contributions to climate change (37.5&#xa0;kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.) and fossil depletion (9.03&#xa0;kg oil eq.). In contrast, a solar scenario showed global warming potential as 22.5&#xa0;kg CO₂ eq.&#xa0;and fossil depletion of 5.41&#xa0;kg oil eq.&#xa0;kg<sup>− 1</sup> GTW feedstock. Moreover, the economic assessment revealed the feasibility of biodiesel production, achieving a daily revenue of USD 7,500 in a single 8-h shift, with an annual revenue of USD 2,737,500. Economic indicators, including payback period and net present value, were also evaluated. The payback period is calculated to be 1.05 years, and the net present value is evaluated at USD 2.85&#xa0;million, indicating the profit of the production system. Remarkably, the top key environmental emissions in external cost analysis related to the cost of processed feedstock were also calculated as dominated by CO₂ and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. Hence, the production of biodiesel not only addresses waste management challenges but also contributes to waste-to-energy conversion and renewable energy generation, aligning with public health goals and sustainable development. The findings highlight the potential of biodiesel production as a strategic solution, and it can be reformed with circular economic principles to achieve global sustainability while delivering stronger economic rates of return. Furthermore, the findings of this study are directly linked to the numerous United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), including SDG 7, SDG 9, SDG 12, and SDG 13, by promoting cleaner energy technologies, enhancing innovation and infrastructure in the renewable energy sector, employing circular economies, and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, respectively.</p>

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Life cycle and economic assessment of waste-derived biodiesel: a comparative analysis of grease trap waste, animal tallow, and used cooking oil

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Khadija Sajid,
  • Abdul-Sattar Nizami,
  • Zaki-ul-Zaman Asam,
  • Mohammad Rehan

摘要

This study evaluates the sustainability of biodiesel production from selected feedstocks, comprising grease trap waste (GTW), animal tallow waste, and waste cooking oil, by utilizing a life cycle assessment method. The process focuses on converting these non-edible waste oils into biodiesel through advanced transesterification methods, highlighting the potential of renewable resources to enrich energy security and support sustainable development in Pakistan. The process involves various stages of feedstock utilization, including collection, transportation, pretreatment, transesterification, purification, blending, and distribution, resulting in different inventories for each of the three selected feedstocks. Environmental impacts were assessed using a life cycle impact assessment framework, which utilized the ReCiPe methodology for each feedstock, encompassing a total of 10 selected midpoint and endpoint categories. Among the three feedstocks, GTW exhibits the highest environmental impacts, with midpoint results indicating significant contributions to climate change (37.5 kg CO2 eq.) and fossil depletion (9.03 kg oil eq.). In contrast, a solar scenario showed global warming potential as 22.5 kg CO₂ eq. and fossil depletion of 5.41 kg oil eq. kg− 1 GTW feedstock. Moreover, the economic assessment revealed the feasibility of biodiesel production, achieving a daily revenue of USD 7,500 in a single 8-h shift, with an annual revenue of USD 2,737,500. Economic indicators, including payback period and net present value, were also evaluated. The payback period is calculated to be 1.05 years, and the net present value is evaluated at USD 2.85 million, indicating the profit of the production system. Remarkably, the top key environmental emissions in external cost analysis related to the cost of processed feedstock were also calculated as dominated by CO₂ and NOx emissions. Hence, the production of biodiesel not only addresses waste management challenges but also contributes to waste-to-energy conversion and renewable energy generation, aligning with public health goals and sustainable development. The findings highlight the potential of biodiesel production as a strategic solution, and it can be reformed with circular economic principles to achieve global sustainability while delivering stronger economic rates of return. Furthermore, the findings of this study are directly linked to the numerous United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), including SDG 7, SDG 9, SDG 12, and SDG 13, by promoting cleaner energy technologies, enhancing innovation and infrastructure in the renewable energy sector, employing circular economies, and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, respectively.