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<p>This paper presents a scalable group authentication and key agreement protocol for dynamic IoT environments that integrates Physical Unclonable Function (PUF)-derived device bases with inner product space projections. During registration, each device is assigned a private basis <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathcal {B}}_i\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">B</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> derived from its PUF responses, enabling efficient group authentication without per-device centralized verification and thereby mitigating long-term reliance on the group manager (GM). The protocol provides single-broadcast operations for member joining and leaving as well as decentralized group key updates. Formal security analysis under the Real-or-Random (ROR) model and experimental evaluation demonstrate robustness against common attacks, low communication overhead (6.5-<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>-</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>7.9&#xa0;KB for 100 devices), and low authentication latency (1.135&#xa0;ms for members and 0.051&#xa0;ms for guests).</p>

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A Scalable Group Authentication Protocol for IoT Based on PUF-Derived Bases in Inner Product Spaces

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Pan Feng,
  • Bing Li,
  • Baofu Han,
  • Yongli Ma,
  • Yuanyuan Hu,
  • Runan Zhao

摘要

This paper presents a scalable group authentication and key agreement protocol for dynamic IoT environments that integrates Physical Unclonable Function (PUF)-derived device bases with inner product space projections. During registration, each device is assigned a private basis \({\mathcal {B}}_i\) B i derived from its PUF responses, enabling efficient group authentication without per-device centralized verification and thereby mitigating long-term reliance on the group manager (GM). The protocol provides single-broadcast operations for member joining and leaving as well as decentralized group key updates. Formal security analysis under the Real-or-Random (ROR) model and experimental evaluation demonstrate robustness against common attacks, low communication overhead (6.5- \(-\) - 7.9 KB for 100 devices), and low authentication latency (1.135 ms for members and 0.051 ms for guests).