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<p>This paper revisits Virgo, a well-known transparent zero-knowledge proof system that has been used in many subsequent studies. Through our analysis, we uncover previously overlooked limitations and several exploitable security vulnerabilities within Virgo’s zkVPD protocol design and implementation. We subsequently address these issues and improve Virgo’s zkVPD protocol. Our improvements feature simplified but more efficient VPD and zkVPD algorithms, offering enhanced support for computations over binary fields and their extension fields.</p>

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Revisiting virgo: a study of vulnerabilities, limitations, and optimizations

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月18日

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  • Changchang Ding,
  • Yan Huang

摘要

This paper revisits Virgo, a well-known transparent zero-knowledge proof system that has been used in many subsequent studies. Through our analysis, we uncover previously overlooked limitations and several exploitable security vulnerabilities within Virgo’s zkVPD protocol design and implementation. We subsequently address these issues and improve Virgo’s zkVPD protocol. Our improvements feature simplified but more efficient VPD and zkVPD algorithms, offering enhanced support for computations over binary fields and their extension fields.