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<p>Mosquitoes are among the most medically significant insects, causing more human suffering than any other organism by serving as vectors for numerous infectious diseases. This study examined the larvicidal effectiveness and phytochemical composition of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts from <i>Catharanthus roseus</i> and <i>Phyla nodiflora</i> in District Narowal, Pakistan. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, phenols, flavonoids, diterpenes, proteins, phytosterols, and alkaloids in the extracts. <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> larvae were used as test subjects for larvicidal activity. The larvae were exposed to <i>C. roseus</i> and <i>P. nodiflora</i> plant extracts with concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 ppm, and the mortality rate was measured after 24 and 48&#xa0;h. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of <i>C. roseus</i> displayed LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> values ranging from 0.791 ppm to 83.35 ppm, while those of <i>P. nodiflora</i> ranged from 28.83 ppm to 521.3 ppm. Synthetic insecticides Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin were also used for checking resistance levels in <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> with concentrations of 0.03125, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 ppm from 1 ppm stock solution. After 24 and 48&#xa0;h, the LC<sub>50</sub> values of Cypermethrin were 0.107 ppm, 0.051 ppm, and LC<sub>90</sub> values were 0.707 ppm, 0.245 ppm, respectively. The LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> values for Deltamethrin were 0.066 ppm and 0.355 ppm after 24&#xa0;h, and 0.022 ppm and 0.105 ppm after 48&#xa0;h. The resistance level in <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> larvae against synthetic insecticides were very rare in the district Narowal because they cannot be used here frequently, and mosquitoes are not repeatedly exposed to them. This study proved that aqueous and methanolic extracts of <i>C. roseus</i> and <i>P. nodiflora</i> had phytochemicals and can be used as effective larvicidal bioinsecticides to control mosquito larvae and displayed an effective response toward <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> mosquito larvae.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Comparative efficacy of Catharanthus roseus and Phyla nodiflora weed extracts for the sustainable management of Culex quinquefasciatus

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Amina Siddiqua,
  • Ali Raza,
  • Syed Shakeel Shah,
  • Hina Kanwal,
  • Muhammad Saqlain Zaheer,
  • Kamran Ikram,
  • Hafiz Haider Ali,
  • Muhammad Saleem Kashif,
  • Muhammad Waheed Riaz,
  • Muhammad Aamir Manzoor,
  • Mohammad Yaqoob Sharafat

摘要

Mosquitoes are among the most medically significant insects, causing more human suffering than any other organism by serving as vectors for numerous infectious diseases. This study examined the larvicidal effectiveness and phytochemical composition of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts from Catharanthus roseus and Phyla nodiflora in District Narowal, Pakistan. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, phenols, flavonoids, diterpenes, proteins, phytosterols, and alkaloids in the extracts. Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were used as test subjects for larvicidal activity. The larvae were exposed to C. roseus and P. nodiflora plant extracts with concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 ppm, and the mortality rate was measured after 24 and 48 h. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. roseus displayed LC50 and LC90 values ranging from 0.791 ppm to 83.35 ppm, while those of P. nodiflora ranged from 28.83 ppm to 521.3 ppm. Synthetic insecticides Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin were also used for checking resistance levels in Cx. quinquefasciatus with concentrations of 0.03125, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 ppm from 1 ppm stock solution. After 24 and 48 h, the LC50 values of Cypermethrin were 0.107 ppm, 0.051 ppm, and LC90 values were 0.707 ppm, 0.245 ppm, respectively. The LC50 and LC90 values for Deltamethrin were 0.066 ppm and 0.355 ppm after 24 h, and 0.022 ppm and 0.105 ppm after 48 h. The resistance level in Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae against synthetic insecticides were very rare in the district Narowal because they cannot be used here frequently, and mosquitoes are not repeatedly exposed to them. This study proved that aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. roseus and P. nodiflora had phytochemicals and can be used as effective larvicidal bioinsecticides to control mosquito larvae and displayed an effective response toward Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae.

Graphical Abstract