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Background <p>Mosquitoes are the most dangerous animal on earth. <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes in particular are known to be the vector of human malaria parasites in the Sub–Saharan African. This study investigated the influence of physicochemical parameters on the abundance and distribution of <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito larvae in Gombe State, Nigeria.</p> Methods <p>A year-long larval survey was conducted in eight communities across Akko and Kaltungo Local Government Areas (LGAs). Water from three different sampling points were collected. A total of 23 parameters, comprising physical, chemical and heavy metal, were assessed. The geographic coordinates of <i>Anopheles</i> larval breeding sites that are positive were recorded.</p> Results <p>The results revealed significant differences (ρ &lt; 0.05) in the 23 parameters across the breeding sites and communities (F = 9.102, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), except for salinity and turbidity (ρ &gt; 0.05). Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that <i>An. maculipalpis</i>’s preferred breeding sites were positively associated with zinc, while <i>An. pretoriensis</i> and <i>An. rufipes</i> were linked to similar physicochemical characteristics of water temperature, total hardness, pH, sulphate, chloride and chemical oxygen demand. Additionally, nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>) was positively associated with the density and abundance of <i>An. gambiae s.l.</i> However, parameters such as biological oxygen demand (BOD), arsenic, iron, electrical conductivity, nickel, cadmium, and copper showed no association with the abundance of any <i>Anopheles</i> species.</p> Conclusion <p>The study concludes that the abundance and distribution of <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes are influenced by the physicochemical properties of their aquatic habitats. Understanding these breeding habitats can enhance efforts to manage, control, and eliminate malaria and othermosquito-borne diseases in Gombe State.</p>

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Assessment of physicochemical properties of aquatic habitats associated with Anopheles mosquitoes in eight communities of Gombe State, Nigeria

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月31日

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  • Bala Shuaibu Abdulmalik,
  • Ezra Abba,
  • Kennedy Poloma Yoriyo,
  • Gudzan John Sow,
  • Ngozi Pauline Chiezey,
  • Ubayo Ali,
  • Iliya Shehu Ndams

摘要

Background

Mosquitoes are the most dangerous animal on earth. Anopheles mosquitoes in particular are known to be the vector of human malaria parasites in the Sub–Saharan African. This study investigated the influence of physicochemical parameters on the abundance and distribution of Anopheles mosquito larvae in Gombe State, Nigeria.

Methods

A year-long larval survey was conducted in eight communities across Akko and Kaltungo Local Government Areas (LGAs). Water from three different sampling points were collected. A total of 23 parameters, comprising physical, chemical and heavy metal, were assessed. The geographic coordinates of Anopheles larval breeding sites that are positive were recorded.

Results

The results revealed significant differences (ρ < 0.05) in the 23 parameters across the breeding sites and communities (F = 9.102, p < 0.001), except for salinity and turbidity (ρ > 0.05). Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that An. maculipalpis’s preferred breeding sites were positively associated with zinc, while An. pretoriensis and An. rufipes were linked to similar physicochemical characteristics of water temperature, total hardness, pH, sulphate, chloride and chemical oxygen demand. Additionally, nitrate (NO3) was positively associated with the density and abundance of An. gambiae s.l. However, parameters such as biological oxygen demand (BOD), arsenic, iron, electrical conductivity, nickel, cadmium, and copper showed no association with the abundance of any Anopheles species.

Conclusion

The study concludes that the abundance and distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes are influenced by the physicochemical properties of their aquatic habitats. Understanding these breeding habitats can enhance efforts to manage, control, and eliminate malaria and othermosquito-borne diseases in Gombe State.