Peripheral and central regulation of neuro–immune crosstalk

The neural and immune systems sense and respond to external stimuli to maintain tissue homeostasis. These systems do not function independently but rather interact with each other to effectively exert biological actions and prevent disease pathogenesis, such as metabolic, inflammatory, and infectious disorders. Mutual communication between these systems is also affected by tissue niche-specific signals that reflect the tissue environment. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying these interactions are not completely understood. In addition to the peripheral regulation of neuro–immune crosstalk, recent studies have reported that the central nervous system plays essential roles in the regulation of systemic neuro–immune interactions. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular basis of peripheral and systemic neuro–immune crosstalk and explore how these multilayered interactions are maintained.