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Purpose <p>Food additives are widely used to maintain the safety and quality of processed foods. Although many additives are considered safe, knowledge gaps remain regarding their potential health impacts, particularly for commonly used preservatives such as sodium benzoate (SB). This study aimed to quantify SB levels used in commercially available mango juice as a preservative across Bangladesh and to evaluate its potential effects on female reproductive health and immune responses through a questionnaire-based survey and controlled animal experiments.</p> Methods <p>SB concentrations in mango juice samples collected from eight divisions of Bangladesh were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, a questionnaire-based survey was also conducted among women in Gazipur to assess the potential risk of infertility associated with SB exposure through frequent mango juice consumption. To further explore the biological effects of SB, hormonal and inflammatory markers were examined in a mouse model.</p> Results <p>SB concentrations found in the most mango juice brands exceeded the European Union’s recommended limit of 150&#xa0;mg/L by 1.07 to 5.45 times. The survey conducted on married women of reproductive age indicated a significant association between SB intake and increased infertility risk (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), suggesting potential long-term reproductive health implications. In the animal study, elevated SB exposure significantly reduced serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels compared with controls, indicating possible reproductive impairment (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, SB exposure elicited a pronounced inflammatory response, with increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in SB-treated mice (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p> Conclusion <p>These findings underscore the need for stricter regulatory enforcement and better compliance with preservative limits to safeguard public health.</p>

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Elevated sodium benzoate levels in mango juice and their association with female infertility risk and immune responses: evidence from human survey and mouse model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

查看全文
  • Afzal Sheikh,
  • Sharmin Akter Beauty,
  • Ripon Paul,
  • Sultana Parvin,
  • Sharon Jahan Sarder,
  • Nafisa Anwar Mariana,
  • Khaled Hossain,
  • Zahangir Alam Saud

摘要

Purpose

Food additives are widely used to maintain the safety and quality of processed foods. Although many additives are considered safe, knowledge gaps remain regarding their potential health impacts, particularly for commonly used preservatives such as sodium benzoate (SB). This study aimed to quantify SB levels used in commercially available mango juice as a preservative across Bangladesh and to evaluate its potential effects on female reproductive health and immune responses through a questionnaire-based survey and controlled animal experiments.

Methods

SB concentrations in mango juice samples collected from eight divisions of Bangladesh were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, a questionnaire-based survey was also conducted among women in Gazipur to assess the potential risk of infertility associated with SB exposure through frequent mango juice consumption. To further explore the biological effects of SB, hormonal and inflammatory markers were examined in a mouse model.

Results

SB concentrations found in the most mango juice brands exceeded the European Union’s recommended limit of 150 mg/L by 1.07 to 5.45 times. The survey conducted on married women of reproductive age indicated a significant association between SB intake and increased infertility risk (p < 0.05), suggesting potential long-term reproductive health implications. In the animal study, elevated SB exposure significantly reduced serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels compared with controls, indicating possible reproductive impairment (p < 0.05). Furthermore, SB exposure elicited a pronounced inflammatory response, with increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in SB-treated mice (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

These findings underscore the need for stricter regulatory enforcement and better compliance with preservative limits to safeguard public health.