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Purpose <p>The current research aimed to assess whether different types of bread, such as whole-grain and white, which vary in fiber and nutrients, are associated with depression in older adults.</p> Methods <p>In this cross-sectional study, depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in 1,336 older adults from the first wave of the Birjand Longitudinal Aging Study (BLAS) between September 2018 and April 2019. Bread consumption was measured via a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and bread consumption patterns including the whole-grain and white bread were identified through factor analysis, transformed it into energy-adjusted variable and ranked into quartiles.</p> Results <p>In total, 46.3% of the sample size suffered from depression. A significant U-shaped trend was observed for total (<i>P</i> = 0.02) and whole-grain bread consumption (<i>P</i> = 0.04) across depression severities. Energy-adjusted white bread pattern was linked to an increased odds of depression (OR: 1.79; 95%CI: 1.31–2.43, <i>P</i>˂0.001). The strength of this association increased from mild (OR: 1.70; <i>P</i> = 0.005) to moderate (OR: 2.26; <i>P</i>˂0.001) and moderately severe depression (OR: 2.43; <i>P</i> = 0.03) groups, even after adjusting for confounders. However, whole-grain bread pattern showed no significant association.</p> Conclusions <p>It could be concluded that although higher consumption of white bread could be linked to an increased risk of depression, whole-grain bread displayed no significant association. These results suggest that bread type may be associated with depressive symptoms, warranting further investigation.</p>

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White and whole-grain bread consumption in relation to depression among the elderly: Birjand longitudinal aging study (BLAS)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Zohreh Sajadi Hezaveh,
  • Mitra Moodi,
  • Hossein Fakhrzadeh,
  • Seyed Masoud Arzaghi,
  • Aliakbar Esmaeili,
  • Huriye Khodabakhshi,
  • Zhaleh Shadman,
  • Masoumeh Khorashadizadeh,
  • Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed,
  • Farshad Sharifi

摘要

Purpose

The current research aimed to assess whether different types of bread, such as whole-grain and white, which vary in fiber and nutrients, are associated with depression in older adults.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in 1,336 older adults from the first wave of the Birjand Longitudinal Aging Study (BLAS) between September 2018 and April 2019. Bread consumption was measured via a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and bread consumption patterns including the whole-grain and white bread were identified through factor analysis, transformed it into energy-adjusted variable and ranked into quartiles.

Results

In total, 46.3% of the sample size suffered from depression. A significant U-shaped trend was observed for total (P = 0.02) and whole-grain bread consumption (P = 0.04) across depression severities. Energy-adjusted white bread pattern was linked to an increased odds of depression (OR: 1.79; 95%CI: 1.31–2.43, P˂0.001). The strength of this association increased from mild (OR: 1.70; P = 0.005) to moderate (OR: 2.26; P˂0.001) and moderately severe depression (OR: 2.43; P = 0.03) groups, even after adjusting for confounders. However, whole-grain bread pattern showed no significant association.

Conclusions

It could be concluded that although higher consumption of white bread could be linked to an increased risk of depression, whole-grain bread displayed no significant association. These results suggest that bread type may be associated with depressive symptoms, warranting further investigation.