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Purpose <p>Frequent high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and energy drink (ED) intake may independently intensify metabolic and hepatic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of HCD and ED consumption on metabolic parameters, adiposity, oxidative stress, and liver function in Wistar rats, with a focus on potential sex-specific responses.</p> Methods <p>Sixty-four Wistar rats (32 male, 32 female) were randomized into four groups (Control, Control + ED, HCD, HCD + ED) for 12&#xa0;weeks. ED doses were allometrically scaled to human equivalents. Weekly weight, fasting blood glucose, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, serum insulin, leptin, liver enzymes, and serum and liver oxidative stress markers were assessed. Liver histopathology was evaluated via hematoxylin and eosin staining. Data were analyzed using one- or two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p> Results <p>Male rats on the HCD + ED regimen exhibited significant weight gain and altered fat distribution, suggesting an elevated risk for obesity and metabolic disorders. Female rats displayed notable fat redistribution, albeit with less pronounced weight changes. Both sexes showed impaired glucose metabolism and delayed glucose clearance, and liver function analyses revealed elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, especially in female rats consuming EDs, consistent with hepatocellular damage. Histological examinations confirmed hepatic inflammation and degeneration in HCD + ED groups. Additionally, oxidative stress markers were markedly upregulated in both sexes, reflecting an enhanced antioxidant response to heightened reactive oxygen species production.</p> Conclusion <p>Chronic consumption of HCD and ED leads to pronounced sex-specific metabolic disturbances, increased oxidative stress, and liver dysfunction, emphasizing the heightened health risks associated with this dietary combination.</p>

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Sex-specific effects of high-carbohydrate diet and energy drink consumption on energy homeostasis, oxidative stress, and liver integrity in Wistar rats

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月14日

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  • Joseph Chimezie,
  • Worship Odosa Agbonifo,
  • Mercy Oluwaseun Awoleye,
  • Hope Oluwabukola Francis,
  • Temitope Gabriel Adedeji

摘要

Purpose

Frequent high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and energy drink (ED) intake may independently intensify metabolic and hepatic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of HCD and ED consumption on metabolic parameters, adiposity, oxidative stress, and liver function in Wistar rats, with a focus on potential sex-specific responses.

Methods

Sixty-four Wistar rats (32 male, 32 female) were randomized into four groups (Control, Control + ED, HCD, HCD + ED) for 12 weeks. ED doses were allometrically scaled to human equivalents. Weekly weight, fasting blood glucose, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, serum insulin, leptin, liver enzymes, and serum and liver oxidative stress markers were assessed. Liver histopathology was evaluated via hematoxylin and eosin staining. Data were analyzed using one- or two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05).

Results

Male rats on the HCD + ED regimen exhibited significant weight gain and altered fat distribution, suggesting an elevated risk for obesity and metabolic disorders. Female rats displayed notable fat redistribution, albeit with less pronounced weight changes. Both sexes showed impaired glucose metabolism and delayed glucose clearance, and liver function analyses revealed elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, especially in female rats consuming EDs, consistent with hepatocellular damage. Histological examinations confirmed hepatic inflammation and degeneration in HCD + ED groups. Additionally, oxidative stress markers were markedly upregulated in both sexes, reflecting an enhanced antioxidant response to heightened reactive oxygen species production.

Conclusion

Chronic consumption of HCD and ED leads to pronounced sex-specific metabolic disturbances, increased oxidative stress, and liver dysfunction, emphasizing the heightened health risks associated with this dietary combination.