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Background <p>Exposure to metals from the combustion of biomass via inhalation may result in negative health outcomes affecting a variety of organs and systems. Pregnant women cooking with biomass fuels may be exposed to metals, such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), and have unique risks for adverse health effects with potential impacts on the growing fetus. We assessed the associations between household air pollution and metals detected in dried blood spots from pregnant women at baseline in Rwanda.</p> Methods <p>We analyzed data from 781 pregnant women aged 18–35&#xa0;years who resided in rural households using biomass fuel and who were enrolled in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN<i>)</i> Trial in Rwanda. We explored associations between 24-h average natural log-transformed personal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>), black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO) and K + standardized Pb and Cd concentrations using linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders (i.e., age, body mass index, bicycle ownership, fish consumption, and food insecurity).</p> Results <p>The adjusted models showed positive but non-significant associations between air pollutant concentrations and metals detected in blood: PM₂.₅ and Pb (β coefficient: 0.06; 95% CI − 0.03–0.15), BC and Pb (0.11; 95% CI − 0.01–0.24), PM₂.₅ and Cd (0.04; 95% CI − 0.02–0.09), and BC with Cd (0.02; 95% CI − 0.05–0.09).</p> Conclusions <p>While associations were not statistically significant, the directionally consistent increases in blood Pb and Cd with increased PM₂.₅ and BC exposures align with existing evidence and underscore the need for continued research and policy action to reduce household air pollution exposures and protect maternal and fetal health.</p>

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Baseline exposure–response assessment of metals from dried blood spots and personal household air pollution concentrations among pregnant women in Rwanda: household air pollution intervention network trial

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Adolphe Ndikubwimana,
  • William Checkley,
  • Yunyun Chen,
  • Thomas Clasen,
  • Carmen Lucía Contreras,
  • Anaite Diaz-Artiga,
  • Gloriose Bankundiye,
  • Ephrem Dusabimana,
  • Lisa de las Fuentes,
  • Shirin Jabbarzadeh,
  • Michael Johnson,
  • Egide Kalisa,
  • Patrick Karakwende,
  • Miles A. Kirby,
  • Amy E. Lovvorn,
  • John P. McCracken,
  • Florien Ndagijimana,
  • Theoneste Ntakirutimana,
  • Jean de Dieu Ntivuguruzwa,
  • Jennifer L. Peel,
  • Ajay Pillarisetti,
  • Victor G. Dávila-Román,
  • Ghislaine Rosa,
  • Sarada S. Garg,
  • Lisa M. Thompson,
  • Lance A. Waller,
  • Jiantong Wang,
  • Maggie L. Clark,
  • Dana Boyd-Barr,
  • Bonnie N. Young,
  • Vanessa Burrowes,
  • Dina Goodman-Palmer,
  • Steven A. Harvey,
  • Phabiola Herrera,
  • Shakir Hossen,
  • Margaret A. Laws,
  • Eric D. McCollum,
  • Laura Nicolaou,
  • Lindsay J. Underhill,
  • Kendra N. Williams,
  • Suzanne Simkovich,
  • Dana Boyd Barr,
  • Howard H. Chang,
  • Thomas F. Clasen,
  • Priya D’Souza,
  • Lisa Elon,
  • Savannah Gupton,
  • Sarah Hamid,
  • Ian Hennessee,
  • Marjorie Howard,
  • Penelope P. Howards,
  • Grace Lee,
  • Jiawen Liao,
  • Julia N. McPeek,
  • Azhar Nizam,
  • Parinya Panuwet,
  • Usha Ramakrishnan,
  • P. Barry Ryan,
  • Sheela S. Sinharoy,
  • Kyle Steenland,
  • Amit Verma,
  • Megan Warnock,
  • Viviane Valdes,
  • Oscar De León,
  • Anaité Diaz-Artiga,
  • Adly Castañaza,
  • Carmen Lucia Contreras,
  • Irma Sayury Pineda Fuentes,
  • Mayari Hengstermann,
  • Libny Monroy,
  • Alexander Ramirez,
  • Erick Mollinedo,
  • Oscar De León,
  • Eduardo Canuz,
  • Jane Mbabazi,
  • Alexie Mukeshimana,
  • Moses Mutabazi,
  • Bernard Mutariyani,
  • Michael A. Johnson,
  • Ahana Ghosh,
  • Ricardo Piedrahita,
  • Victor G. Davila-Roman,
  • Pattie Lenzen,
  • Rachel Meyers,
  • Ashley Toenjes,
  • Erick Mollinedo,
  • Luke P. Naeher,
  • Devan Campbell,
  • Katherine Kearns,
  • Jacob Kremer,
  • Damien Swearing,
  • Wenlu Ye,
  • Vigneswari Aravindalochanan,
  • Kalpana Balakrishnan,
  • Gurusamy Thangavel,
  • Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay,
  • Durairaj Natesan,
  • Naveen Puttaswamy,
  • Karthikeyan Dharmapuri Rajamani,
  • Rengaraj Ramasami,
  • Sudhakar Saidam,
  • Sankar Sambandam,
  • Marilú Chiang,
  • Juan Gabriel Espinoza,
  • Alejandra Bussalleu,
  • Eduardo Canuz,
  • Suzanne Simkovich,
  • Elisa Puzzolo,
  • Aris Papageorghiou,
  • Rachel Craik,
  • Stella Hartinger,
  • J. Jaime Miranda,
  • Alejandra Bussalleu,
  • Joshua Rosenthal

摘要

Background

Exposure to metals from the combustion of biomass via inhalation may result in negative health outcomes affecting a variety of organs and systems. Pregnant women cooking with biomass fuels may be exposed to metals, such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), and have unique risks for adverse health effects with potential impacts on the growing fetus. We assessed the associations between household air pollution and metals detected in dried blood spots from pregnant women at baseline in Rwanda.

Methods

We analyzed data from 781 pregnant women aged 18–35 years who resided in rural households using biomass fuel and who were enrolled in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) Trial in Rwanda. We explored associations between 24-h average natural log-transformed personal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO) and K + standardized Pb and Cd concentrations using linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders (i.e., age, body mass index, bicycle ownership, fish consumption, and food insecurity).

Results

The adjusted models showed positive but non-significant associations between air pollutant concentrations and metals detected in blood: PM₂.₅ and Pb (β coefficient: 0.06; 95% CI − 0.03–0.15), BC and Pb (0.11; 95% CI − 0.01–0.24), PM₂.₅ and Cd (0.04; 95% CI − 0.02–0.09), and BC with Cd (0.02; 95% CI − 0.05–0.09).

Conclusions

While associations were not statistically significant, the directionally consistent increases in blood Pb and Cd with increased PM₂.₅ and BC exposures align with existing evidence and underscore the need for continued research and policy action to reduce household air pollution exposures and protect maternal and fetal health.