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Background <p>Atopic dermatitis (AD), a disease often associated with pathogenic microbes, affects around 1.5&#xa0;million people worldwide each year, with its treatment being complicated by rising antimicrobial resistance. This work reports on phytoconstituents and antimicrobial activities towards developing bioactive herbal formulations from <i>Phyllanthus englerii</i> Pax ethyl acetate leaf extracts to address AD-related infections.</p> Methods <p>The extracts were obtained through cold maceration and phytochemical groups were screened using chemical methods followed by GC-MS and LC-MS analysis to reveal key compounds. The extract and formulated products were tested for antimicrobial activities against selected microbes and screened for toxicity using brine shrimp larvae lethality assay. The formulated products were further evaluated for stability and other physicochemical properties over 28 days.</p> Results <p>The classes of compounds identified therefrom include alkaloids, phenols, cardiac glycosides, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids, of which the presence of 17 phytochemicals, dominated by neophytadiene, squalene, phytol, astragalin, myricitrin, and phlorizin were confirmed. The extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>,<i> Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Candida albicans</i> with MIC values of 5.83, 3.75, and 5.00&#xa0;mg/mL, respectively. The extract indicated low toxicity (LC<sub>50</sub> = 125.50&#xa0;µg/mL). A jelly-based herbal formulation demonstrated effective inhibition zones ranging from 8.00 ± 0.44 to 17.00 ± 1.25&#xa0;mm across all tested pathogens, with a jelly formulation (JPEA2, 6.24%) showing the most significant activity, particularly against <i>C. albicans</i>. The formulations maintained favorable stability and other physicochemical properties over 28 days.</p> Conclusion <p>These findings indicate the potential of the developed jelly-herbal formulation as an alternative treatment agent for microbial infections associated with AD.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial evaluation towards development of bioactive herbal formulation from Phyllanthus englerii Pax leaf extracts for potential topical application against selected microbes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Stephano Stanuel Matole,
  • Halima Mvungi Amir,
  • Elbert Anyambilile Mbukwa,
  • David Sylvester Kacholi,
  • Michael Qwarse,
  • Ramadhani S. O. Nondo,
  • Benson P. Mugaka,
  • Stephen Samwel Nyandoro

摘要

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD), a disease often associated with pathogenic microbes, affects around 1.5 million people worldwide each year, with its treatment being complicated by rising antimicrobial resistance. This work reports on phytoconstituents and antimicrobial activities towards developing bioactive herbal formulations from Phyllanthus englerii Pax ethyl acetate leaf extracts to address AD-related infections.

Methods

The extracts were obtained through cold maceration and phytochemical groups were screened using chemical methods followed by GC-MS and LC-MS analysis to reveal key compounds. The extract and formulated products were tested for antimicrobial activities against selected microbes and screened for toxicity using brine shrimp larvae lethality assay. The formulated products were further evaluated for stability and other physicochemical properties over 28 days.

Results

The classes of compounds identified therefrom include alkaloids, phenols, cardiac glycosides, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids, of which the presence of 17 phytochemicals, dominated by neophytadiene, squalene, phytol, astragalin, myricitrin, and phlorizin were confirmed. The extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with MIC values of 5.83, 3.75, and 5.00 mg/mL, respectively. The extract indicated low toxicity (LC50 = 125.50 µg/mL). A jelly-based herbal formulation demonstrated effective inhibition zones ranging from 8.00 ± 0.44 to 17.00 ± 1.25 mm across all tested pathogens, with a jelly formulation (JPEA2, 6.24%) showing the most significant activity, particularly against C. albicans. The formulations maintained favorable stability and other physicochemical properties over 28 days.

Conclusion

These findings indicate the potential of the developed jelly-herbal formulation as an alternative treatment agent for microbial infections associated with AD.

Graphical Abstract