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Background <p>It is recommended to prescribe sets to volitional muscular failure (e.g., 4 sets) or a fixed repetition scheme of 75 repetitions (1 × 30, 3 × 15) in low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR-RE). While prior studies suggest both protocols may elicit similar muscular adaptations, the extent to which this is explained by matched exercise volume remains unclear.</p> Objectives <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the number of repetitions performed during four sets of low-load BFR-RE to volitional muscular failure and compared these with the fixed 75-repetition scheme. The goal was to determine whether the two protocols yield similar total and per-set repetition volumes.</p> Methods <p>On 10/31/2024, two databases (PubMed<sup>®</sup> and Scopus) were used to identify studies that applied a protocol of four sets to volitional muscular failure in BFR-RE with a load of ≤ 50% of one repetition maximum (1RM), regardless of the outcome investigated. Mean repetition data were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. One-sample t-tests compared per-set and total volumes to the reference scheme (1 × 30, 3 × 15).</p> Results <p>Across 25 studies (47 means; <i>n</i> = 678), the estimated total repetitions performed to failure was 73.1 (95% CI: 61.1 to 85.2). Per-set means were 36.0 (95% CI: 30.5 to 41.4), 14.7 (95% CI: 12.2 to 17.1), 11.5 (95% CI: 9.2 to 13.8), and 10.4 repetitions (95% CI: 8.1 to 12.7) for sets 1 through 4, respectively.</p> Conclusion <p>Four sets of BFR-RE to volitional muscular failure produce similar total repetition volume compared to the commonly implemented fixed 75-repetition scheme, though the distribution of repetitions per set differs. These findings provide insight into the mechanical equivalence of two widely used BFR-RE prescriptions.</p>

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Does Protocol Matter for Repetition Volume? A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Volitional Failure Versus the Traditionally Used 75-Repetition Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月15日

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  • Nicholas Rolnick,
  • Victor S. de Queiros,
  • Ethan C. Hill,
  • Thomas Bjørnsen,
  • Tim Werner,
  • Jeremy P. Loenneke

摘要

Background

It is recommended to prescribe sets to volitional muscular failure (e.g., 4 sets) or a fixed repetition scheme of 75 repetitions (1 × 30, 3 × 15) in low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR-RE). While prior studies suggest both protocols may elicit similar muscular adaptations, the extent to which this is explained by matched exercise volume remains unclear.

Objectives

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the number of repetitions performed during four sets of low-load BFR-RE to volitional muscular failure and compared these with the fixed 75-repetition scheme. The goal was to determine whether the two protocols yield similar total and per-set repetition volumes.

Methods

On 10/31/2024, two databases (PubMed® and Scopus) were used to identify studies that applied a protocol of four sets to volitional muscular failure in BFR-RE with a load of ≤ 50% of one repetition maximum (1RM), regardless of the outcome investigated. Mean repetition data were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. One-sample t-tests compared per-set and total volumes to the reference scheme (1 × 30, 3 × 15).

Results

Across 25 studies (47 means; n = 678), the estimated total repetitions performed to failure was 73.1 (95% CI: 61.1 to 85.2). Per-set means were 36.0 (95% CI: 30.5 to 41.4), 14.7 (95% CI: 12.2 to 17.1), 11.5 (95% CI: 9.2 to 13.8), and 10.4 repetitions (95% CI: 8.1 to 12.7) for sets 1 through 4, respectively.

Conclusion

Four sets of BFR-RE to volitional muscular failure produce similar total repetition volume compared to the commonly implemented fixed 75-repetition scheme, though the distribution of repetitions per set differs. These findings provide insight into the mechanical equivalence of two widely used BFR-RE prescriptions.