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<p>Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) was investigated as a 50% replacement of cement in both M20 (nominal-strength) and M60 (high-strength) concrete to provide a comprehensive understanding of its hydration, mechanical and durability performance. In addition to SEM microstructural examination, properties of fresh materials, compressive/flexural/split-tensile strength at 7, 28, 56 and 90&#xa0;days, isothermal calorimetry and a durability suite (RCPT, water penetration, carbonation and sorptivity) were evaluated. The incorporation of GGBS reduced the peak heat flow by around 43%, and delayed early-age strength gain; the 28-day compressive strength was reduced by 18.0% (M20) and 7.8% (M60) respectively. Both grades then surpassed the controls by 56&#xa0;days and at 90&#xa0;days were 124.4% (M20) and 115.4% (M60) of the 28-day strength of the controls, respectively, with Strength Development Index values of 45.2% and 21.3%, respectively, showing a near-equilibrium calcium hydroxide balance at 50% replacement. It is noteworthy that M60 has markedly improved its durability (52.7% RCPT reduction, from "Moderate" to "Low" per ASTM C1202-22e1) as well as the other durability measures (carbonation resistance, water penetration and sorptivity) in parallel, while M20 improved moderately. This has allowed for the practical use of 50% GGBS replacement for infrastructure projects relating to Sustainable Development Goal 11, with this replacement rate resulting in a reasonable compromise between early age strength reduction and long term strength and durability gains, with support from the SEM evidence of a denser, less Portlandite rich microstructure.</p>

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Strength and durability assessment of concrete incorporating 50% GGBS as cement replacement for sustainable infrastructure

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Mayur Madhukar Maske,
  • Sabir Salim Sayyed,
  • Sachin Krishna More

摘要

Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) was investigated as a 50% replacement of cement in both M20 (nominal-strength) and M60 (high-strength) concrete to provide a comprehensive understanding of its hydration, mechanical and durability performance. In addition to SEM microstructural examination, properties of fresh materials, compressive/flexural/split-tensile strength at 7, 28, 56 and 90 days, isothermal calorimetry and a durability suite (RCPT, water penetration, carbonation and sorptivity) were evaluated. The incorporation of GGBS reduced the peak heat flow by around 43%, and delayed early-age strength gain; the 28-day compressive strength was reduced by 18.0% (M20) and 7.8% (M60) respectively. Both grades then surpassed the controls by 56 days and at 90 days were 124.4% (M20) and 115.4% (M60) of the 28-day strength of the controls, respectively, with Strength Development Index values of 45.2% and 21.3%, respectively, showing a near-equilibrium calcium hydroxide balance at 50% replacement. It is noteworthy that M60 has markedly improved its durability (52.7% RCPT reduction, from "Moderate" to "Low" per ASTM C1202-22e1) as well as the other durability measures (carbonation resistance, water penetration and sorptivity) in parallel, while M20 improved moderately. This has allowed for the practical use of 50% GGBS replacement for infrastructure projects relating to Sustainable Development Goal 11, with this replacement rate resulting in a reasonable compromise between early age strength reduction and long term strength and durability gains, with support from the SEM evidence of a denser, less Portlandite rich microstructure.