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<p>Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a very hazardous and carcinogenic contaminant frequently present in wastewater from industrial processes. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Magnetite Modified N-Doped Carbon (N-doped carbon@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), synthesized from palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) via sol–gel processing, pyrolysis, and magnetite incorporation, for the reduction of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was completely characterized using&#xa0;FTIR, SEM, and XRD, verifying an effective integration of nitrogen functionalities with Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. Batch adsorption tests at pH 6 and Cr(VI) initial concentration of 400&#xa0;mg/L showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 547.67 ± 0.299&#xa0;mg/g, with optimal contact time achieved within 30&#xa0;min. Kinetic analysis indicated an excellent compatibility with the pseudo-second-order model and adsorption isotherm conformed to the Freundlich model with heterogeneity factor (n) of 0.52. It indicated a heterogeneous adsorption surface with chemisorption. The proposed adsorption mechanism suggests that Cr(VI) removal occurred via a synergistic process involving electrostatic interaction between protonated pyridinic nitrogen and Cr(VI) oxyanions, surface complexation with Fe-OH groups, and partial reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III).The formation of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> detected by XRD after adsorption further confirmed the reduction pathway. The results indicate that N-doped carbon@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> is an exceptionally effective adsorbent, presenting significant potential for the remediation of Cr(VI) in aquatic environments.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Adsorption of chromium from aqueous solution by magnetite modified N-doped carbon based on palm empty fruit bunches

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Susanto Susanto,
  • Moch. Agung Indra Iswara,
  • Ulfiana Ihda Afifa,
  • Khalimatus Sa’diyah,
  • Handoko Desta Priadi,
  • Ricka Prasdiantika

摘要

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a very hazardous and carcinogenic contaminant frequently present in wastewater from industrial processes. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Magnetite Modified N-Doped Carbon (N-doped carbon@Fe3O4), synthesized from palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) via sol–gel processing, pyrolysis, and magnetite incorporation, for the reduction of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was completely characterized using FTIR, SEM, and XRD, verifying an effective integration of nitrogen functionalities with Fe3O4. Batch adsorption tests at pH 6 and Cr(VI) initial concentration of 400 mg/L showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 547.67 ± 0.299 mg/g, with optimal contact time achieved within 30 min. Kinetic analysis indicated an excellent compatibility with the pseudo-second-order model and adsorption isotherm conformed to the Freundlich model with heterogeneity factor (n) of 0.52. It indicated a heterogeneous adsorption surface with chemisorption. The proposed adsorption mechanism suggests that Cr(VI) removal occurred via a synergistic process involving electrostatic interaction between protonated pyridinic nitrogen and Cr(VI) oxyanions, surface complexation with Fe-OH groups, and partial reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III).The formation of Cr2O3 detected by XRD after adsorption further confirmed the reduction pathway. The results indicate that N-doped carbon@Fe3O4 is an exceptionally effective adsorbent, presenting significant potential for the remediation of Cr(VI) in aquatic environments.

Graphical Abstract