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<p>Through an examination of the apprenticeship system within the hairdressing industry in Song County, Shandong Province, this study finds that, since the 1990s, the master-apprentice relationship has gradually shifted from a <i>quasi-family relationship</i> to a <i>quasi-employment relationship</i>, transitioning from a foundation of <i>qing</i> (情; affection) to one of <i>li</i> (利; profit). This study employs a <i>yi-li-qing</i> (义-利-情; obligation- profit- affection) analytical framework to analyze the dynamics within this shifting master-apprenticeship relationship. The <i>quasi-family relationship</i> is essentially an affection-based relationship with genuine obligation and subdued utility, where ethical guidelines for master-apprentice identities are emphasized, emotional connections from sustained interaction are valued, and demands for profit are relatively minor. In contrast, the <i>quasi-employment relationship</i> represents an instrumental relationship where profit-oriented interests are becoming the standard and goal of interaction, while ethical norms and affectional bonds play only a limited regulatory role. Compared to a <i>sentiment-instrumentality</i> dual framework, the <i>yi-li-qing</i> framework provides a more comprehensive depiction of the intrinsic attributes of <i>guanxi</i>, illustrating the dynamics and complexities arising from shifts in the social structure.</p>

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The transition of guanxi: a case study of hairdressing apprenticeships in Song County

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月4日

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  • Wenjun Zhang,
  • Tianqi Huang

摘要

Through an examination of the apprenticeship system within the hairdressing industry in Song County, Shandong Province, this study finds that, since the 1990s, the master-apprentice relationship has gradually shifted from a quasi-family relationship to a quasi-employment relationship, transitioning from a foundation of qing (情; affection) to one of li (利; profit). This study employs a yi-li-qing (义-利-情; obligation- profit- affection) analytical framework to analyze the dynamics within this shifting master-apprenticeship relationship. The quasi-family relationship is essentially an affection-based relationship with genuine obligation and subdued utility, where ethical guidelines for master-apprentice identities are emphasized, emotional connections from sustained interaction are valued, and demands for profit are relatively minor. In contrast, the quasi-employment relationship represents an instrumental relationship where profit-oriented interests are becoming the standard and goal of interaction, while ethical norms and affectional bonds play only a limited regulatory role. Compared to a sentiment-instrumentality dual framework, the yi-li-qing framework provides a more comprehensive depiction of the intrinsic attributes of guanxi, illustrating the dynamics and complexities arising from shifts in the social structure.