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<p>A water-displacement method was developed to measure the density and porosity of porous volcanic rocks through water impregnation and saturation. This method enabled the measurement of bulk, skeletal, and solid densities, as well as total, connected, and isolated porosities, using inexpensive equipment. Bulk and skeletal densities of pumice samples from the 2021 Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba eruption were measured using the water-displacement method. These results were compared with those obtained from previous and new measurements using gas-displacement and pseudofluid-displacement methods. Bulk density values from the water-displacement method differed by − 4% to 2% relative to the pseudofluid-displacement method for samples with bulk volumes ranging from 0.2 to 28 cm<sup>3</sup>. Skeletal density values differed by − 2% to 5% relative to the gas-displacement method for samples with skeletal volumes ranging from 0.1 to 15 cm<sup>3</sup>. The present method enables us to measure both bulk and skeletal densities through one sequence of measurements, which have been measured by two methods separately. The water-displacement method exhibited acceptable error margins in density measurement for general volcanological studies, where porous volcanic rocks with high total and isolated porosity are often targeted. This level of accuracy permitted the use of inexpensive materials, such as sample glass bottles and cooking pots, as alternatives to specialized specific gravity bottles. By applying this method to both large single-particle and multiparticle samples, it is possible to measure the density and porosity of large single clasts (e.g., volcanic bombs), as well as the average density and porosity of multiparticle samples (e.g., pumice lapilli in a&#xa0;pyroclastic unit). Unlike the Archimedes’ method, which requires suspending the sample, the present water-displacement method using specific gravity bottles eliminates the need for suspending. The water-displacement method is also easy to measure unsinkable pumice that floats in water even if their connected pores are water-saturated.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Bulk, skeletal, and solid density measurements for porous volcanic rocks using a simple water-displacement method

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Shingo Takeuchi,
  • Yukiko Suwa

摘要

A water-displacement method was developed to measure the density and porosity of porous volcanic rocks through water impregnation and saturation. This method enabled the measurement of bulk, skeletal, and solid densities, as well as total, connected, and isolated porosities, using inexpensive equipment. Bulk and skeletal densities of pumice samples from the 2021 Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba eruption were measured using the water-displacement method. These results were compared with those obtained from previous and new measurements using gas-displacement and pseudofluid-displacement methods. Bulk density values from the water-displacement method differed by − 4% to 2% relative to the pseudofluid-displacement method for samples with bulk volumes ranging from 0.2 to 28 cm3. Skeletal density values differed by − 2% to 5% relative to the gas-displacement method for samples with skeletal volumes ranging from 0.1 to 15 cm3. The present method enables us to measure both bulk and skeletal densities through one sequence of measurements, which have been measured by two methods separately. The water-displacement method exhibited acceptable error margins in density measurement for general volcanological studies, where porous volcanic rocks with high total and isolated porosity are often targeted. This level of accuracy permitted the use of inexpensive materials, such as sample glass bottles and cooking pots, as alternatives to specialized specific gravity bottles. By applying this method to both large single-particle and multiparticle samples, it is possible to measure the density and porosity of large single clasts (e.g., volcanic bombs), as well as the average density and porosity of multiparticle samples (e.g., pumice lapilli in a pyroclastic unit). Unlike the Archimedes’ method, which requires suspending the sample, the present water-displacement method using specific gravity bottles eliminates the need for suspending. The water-displacement method is also easy to measure unsinkable pumice that floats in water even if their connected pores are water-saturated.

Graphical Abstract