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<p>A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the camel milk value chain, the milk handling practices, prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> isolates from November 2022 to August 2023 in Moyale District, Ethiopia. Documentation of the camel milk value chain and face-to-face questionnaire survey were performed on 100 randomly selected individuals from households (<i>n</i> = 40), milk collectors (<i>n</i> = 30) and milk sellers (<i>n</i> = 30). A total of 384 camel milk samples were collected from randomly selected camels (<i>n</i> = 180) at household, collection centers (<i>n</i> = 112), and market sites (<i>n</i> = 92). Samples were examined microbiologically for <i>S. aureus</i>. Randomly selected isolates of <i>S. aureus</i> (<i>n</i> = 50) were tested against seven types of antimicrobial drugs using disk diffusion technique. Data was analyzed using STATA Vers. 14. Most (83%) of individuals involved in camel milk value chain were women. The milk collection and marketing were practiced only by womens. Absence of udder washing (100%) and hand washing (80%) before milking, utensils cleaning with water and smoking (100%), and mastitis’s camel milking into herds bulk milk (40%) was documented at household level. Milk collecting into plastic (80%) and stainless steel (20%) containers, handling of the milk at ambient temperature (25–35&#xa0;°C) along the value chain for 6–12&#xa0;h, absence of cooling (100%), using of pond water for cleaning (76.7%) and bulking milk from different herds (93.3%) were frequently practiced in the area. Overall 30.5% prevalence of <i>S. aureus</i> with an increasing trend of 23.3% (OR = 1 <i>Refe</i>.; OR95%CI: 0.65–1.65) at the household, 32.1% (OR = 1.56; OR95%CI: 0.92–2.63) at the collection centers to 42.4% (OR = 2.42; OR95%CI: 1.41–4.14) at the marketing point (p &lt; 0.001) were observed. Of the 50 tested <i>S. aureus</i> isolates, resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (52%), tetracycline (74%) and penicillin-G (72%) were observed. Multiple-drug resistant was identified in 44% isolates. Those practices are likely to have attributed to the observed contamination of milk by <i>S. aureus</i> including with the AMR isolates that increased along the value chain. Given that they are frequently engaged in the camel milk value chain, training women involved in milking and marketing on hygienic milk handling may reduce contamination risk.</p>

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Handling practices, prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus along the camel milk value chain in Moyale, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月30日

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  • Abdi Ali Abubaker,
  • Adem Hiko,
  • Tesfaye Teresa,
  • Bruk Abraha,
  • Hika Waktole

摘要

A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the camel milk value chain, the milk handling practices, prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from November 2022 to August 2023 in Moyale District, Ethiopia. Documentation of the camel milk value chain and face-to-face questionnaire survey were performed on 100 randomly selected individuals from households (n = 40), milk collectors (n = 30) and milk sellers (n = 30). A total of 384 camel milk samples were collected from randomly selected camels (n = 180) at household, collection centers (n = 112), and market sites (n = 92). Samples were examined microbiologically for S. aureus. Randomly selected isolates of S. aureus (n = 50) were tested against seven types of antimicrobial drugs using disk diffusion technique. Data was analyzed using STATA Vers. 14. Most (83%) of individuals involved in camel milk value chain were women. The milk collection and marketing were practiced only by womens. Absence of udder washing (100%) and hand washing (80%) before milking, utensils cleaning with water and smoking (100%), and mastitis’s camel milking into herds bulk milk (40%) was documented at household level. Milk collecting into plastic (80%) and stainless steel (20%) containers, handling of the milk at ambient temperature (25–35 °C) along the value chain for 6–12 h, absence of cooling (100%), using of pond water for cleaning (76.7%) and bulking milk from different herds (93.3%) were frequently practiced in the area. Overall 30.5% prevalence of S. aureus with an increasing trend of 23.3% (OR = 1 Refe.; OR95%CI: 0.65–1.65) at the household, 32.1% (OR = 1.56; OR95%CI: 0.92–2.63) at the collection centers to 42.4% (OR = 2.42; OR95%CI: 1.41–4.14) at the marketing point (p < 0.001) were observed. Of the 50 tested S. aureus isolates, resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (52%), tetracycline (74%) and penicillin-G (72%) were observed. Multiple-drug resistant was identified in 44% isolates. Those practices are likely to have attributed to the observed contamination of milk by S. aureus including with the AMR isolates that increased along the value chain. Given that they are frequently engaged in the camel milk value chain, training women involved in milking and marketing on hygienic milk handling may reduce contamination risk.