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Background <p>Curcuminoids (CUN), found in <i>Curcuma longa</i>, are the key bioactive components responsible for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study developed and evaluated the CUN microemulsions (ME) formulated with hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) of menthol and oleic acid as oil phase (HDES-based ME).</p> Results <p>The ternary ME system consisted of oil, surfactant and water, with increasing water content (10–40%), reduced droplet size (&lt; 120&#xa0;nm) and improved monodispersity. Most MEs suppressed nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, whereas ME8, ME13 and ME15 appeared immunologically neutral. CUN in HDES-based ME markedly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) generation, achieving nearly 80% suppression. Oxidative stress analysis revealed that LPS markedly elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared with L-NAME controls. CUN in both carriers reduced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner (0.195–12.5&#xa0;µg/mL), with HDES-based ME consistently outperforming DMSO.</p> Conclusion <p>These findings demonstrate that HDES-based ME is a biocompatible carrier capable of enhancing the anti-inflammatory efficacy of CUN.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based microemulsions for enhanced anti-inflammatory effect

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月17日

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  • Kantapich Kongpol,
  • Gorawit Yusakul,
  • Porawan Pratumwan,
  • Firdaos Wangdee,
  • Laila Mankakhet,
  • Kulthida Vaeteewoottacharn,
  • Anuchit Phanumartwiwath

摘要

Background

Curcuminoids (CUN), found in Curcuma longa, are the key bioactive components responsible for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study developed and evaluated the CUN microemulsions (ME) formulated with hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) of menthol and oleic acid as oil phase (HDES-based ME).

Results

The ternary ME system consisted of oil, surfactant and water, with increasing water content (10–40%), reduced droplet size (< 120 nm) and improved monodispersity. Most MEs suppressed nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, whereas ME8, ME13 and ME15 appeared immunologically neutral. CUN in HDES-based ME markedly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) generation, achieving nearly 80% suppression. Oxidative stress analysis revealed that LPS markedly elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared with L-NAME controls. CUN in both carriers reduced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner (0.195–12.5 µg/mL), with HDES-based ME consistently outperforming DMSO.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate that HDES-based ME is a biocompatible carrier capable of enhancing the anti-inflammatory efficacy of CUN.

Graphical abstract