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Background <p>Plants synthesize and emit a wide variety of volatile compounds that serve different defense-related functions in response to both abiotic and biotic stresses.</p> Results <p>In this study, 1-nonanol was identified as the most active volatile against <i>Epicoccum sorghinum</i> among those co-up-regulated in the tea cultivar of ‘Qianmei 601’ infected by three strains of <i>E. sorghinum.</i> Its antifungal results in vitro indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration were 0.1&#xa0;mg/mL and 0.15&#xa0;mg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, calcofluor whiteand and propidium iodide staining solutions demonstrate that 1-nonanol inhibited the normal growth of <i>E. sorghinum</i> mycelia by affecting the cell membrane and cell wall structure of <i>E. sorghinum</i> mycelia. Additionally, exposure to 1-nonanol resulted in increased levels of intracellular malondialdehyde, soluble proteins, and chitinase, while superoxide dismutase content decreased. Transcriptome analysis revealed that regulatory genes associated with 1-nonanol were involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis pathways. Treatment with 1-nonanol significantly up-regulated genes linked to exo-1,3-<i>β</i>-glucanase and hexokinase, while genes related to chitin synthase, aminophospholipid translocase, 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase, and mitochondrial 2-enoylthioester reductase were down-regulated.</p> Conclusions <p>These results indicate that 1-nonanol disrupts the integrity of cell walls and cell membranes, inhibiting the growth of normal hyphae and potentially causing cell death. This study is the first to confirm that 1-nonanol is a crucial component of the defense-related volatile compounds produced by ‘Qianmei 601’ in response to stress from <i>E. sorghinum</i>. We discussed these results and emphasized the importance of this interaction in plant–microbe interactions.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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1-Nonanol: a potential defense-related volatile compound in tea cultivar ‘Qianmei 601’ triggered by Epicoccum sorghinum

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月11日

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  • Yao Chen,
  • Dongyang Li,
  • Yan Liu,
  • Yongjia Cheng,
  • Juan Zhang,
  • Chaojie Li,
  • Zhiwei Lei,
  • Wen Yang

摘要

Background

Plants synthesize and emit a wide variety of volatile compounds that serve different defense-related functions in response to both abiotic and biotic stresses.

Results

In this study, 1-nonanol was identified as the most active volatile against Epicoccum sorghinum among those co-up-regulated in the tea cultivar of ‘Qianmei 601’ infected by three strains of E. sorghinum. Its antifungal results in vitro indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration were 0.1 mg/mL and 0.15 mg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, calcofluor whiteand and propidium iodide staining solutions demonstrate that 1-nonanol inhibited the normal growth of E. sorghinum mycelia by affecting the cell membrane and cell wall structure of E. sorghinum mycelia. Additionally, exposure to 1-nonanol resulted in increased levels of intracellular malondialdehyde, soluble proteins, and chitinase, while superoxide dismutase content decreased. Transcriptome analysis revealed that regulatory genes associated with 1-nonanol were involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis pathways. Treatment with 1-nonanol significantly up-regulated genes linked to exo-1,3-β-glucanase and hexokinase, while genes related to chitin synthase, aminophospholipid translocase, 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase, and mitochondrial 2-enoylthioester reductase were down-regulated.

Conclusions

These results indicate that 1-nonanol disrupts the integrity of cell walls and cell membranes, inhibiting the growth of normal hyphae and potentially causing cell death. This study is the first to confirm that 1-nonanol is a crucial component of the defense-related volatile compounds produced by ‘Qianmei 601’ in response to stress from E. sorghinum. We discussed these results and emphasized the importance of this interaction in plant–microbe interactions.

Graphical abstract