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<p><i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i> (Xoo), the causative agent of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in rice, poses significant threats to global crop productivity. To develop eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides, this study synthesized zinc (Zn) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) using <i>Citrus maxima</i> and <i>Citrus sinensis</i> extracts. NPs were characterized via UV–vis spectroscopy (peaks at 349&#xa0;nm and 441&#xa0;nm), FT-IR (identifying capping agents), and electron microscopy (spherical NPs, 8–56&#xa0;nm). Antimicrobial assays revealed potent activity against Xoo, with Ag Nps exhibiting larger inhibition zones (31.32&#xa0;mm) than ZnO NPs (19.31&#xa0;mm). In vivo trials demonstrated infection reductions of 63.39% (Ag Nps) and 52.76% (Zn NPs), comparable to conventional pesticides. NPs enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, thereby reducing ROS accumulation. Soil analysis indicated treatment-specific heavy metal dynamics: Zn NPs elevated Zn and Al levels. Microbial communities shifted under NP exposure; <i>Flavisolibacter, Sphingomonas,</i> and <i>Candidatus Koribacter</i> abundances varied significantly, distinguishing NP treatments from pesticides. Metabolomic profiling highlighted Ag Nps -induced upregulation of fatty acid and monoterpenoid biosynthesis pathways, suggesting targeted metabolic responses. While both NPs effectively suppressed BLB, Ag Nps showed superior antimicrobial performance, whereas Zn NPs influenced soil nutrient profiles. These findings underscore the potential of green-synthesized NPs as sustainable alternatives for BLB management, balancing disease control with minimal adverse effects on plant physiology and soil ecosystems. Further research is warranted to optimize NP dosages and assess long-term impacts on soil health.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Citrus-extract synthesized Zn/Ag nanoparticles for sustainable management of rice bacterial leaf blight and soil health

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月29日

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  • Ihsan ud Din,
  • Xiyu Tan,
  • Xiaoying Zhang,
  • Yihang Chen,
  • Qihua Liang,
  • Arif Ali Khattak,
  • Muhammad Afzal,
  • Zhiyuan Tan

摘要

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causative agent of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in rice, poses significant threats to global crop productivity. To develop eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides, this study synthesized zinc (Zn) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) using Citrus maxima and Citrus sinensis extracts. NPs were characterized via UV–vis spectroscopy (peaks at 349 nm and 441 nm), FT-IR (identifying capping agents), and electron microscopy (spherical NPs, 8–56 nm). Antimicrobial assays revealed potent activity against Xoo, with Ag Nps exhibiting larger inhibition zones (31.32 mm) than ZnO NPs (19.31 mm). In vivo trials demonstrated infection reductions of 63.39% (Ag Nps) and 52.76% (Zn NPs), comparable to conventional pesticides. NPs enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, thereby reducing ROS accumulation. Soil analysis indicated treatment-specific heavy metal dynamics: Zn NPs elevated Zn and Al levels. Microbial communities shifted under NP exposure; Flavisolibacter, Sphingomonas, and Candidatus Koribacter abundances varied significantly, distinguishing NP treatments from pesticides. Metabolomic profiling highlighted Ag Nps -induced upregulation of fatty acid and monoterpenoid biosynthesis pathways, suggesting targeted metabolic responses. While both NPs effectively suppressed BLB, Ag Nps showed superior antimicrobial performance, whereas Zn NPs influenced soil nutrient profiles. These findings underscore the potential of green-synthesized NPs as sustainable alternatives for BLB management, balancing disease control with minimal adverse effects on plant physiology and soil ecosystems. Further research is warranted to optimize NP dosages and assess long-term impacts on soil health.

Graphical Abstract