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Background <p>The effects of straw incorporation on controlling the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in brown rice are variable or even inconsistent, which could be attributed to the difference of straw application level, soil sulfur deficit, and Cd level. Herein, exposed to three levels of soil Cd (low Cd 0.13&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>, medium Cd 1.11&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>, and high Cd 2.99&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>), a pot experiment was carried out to examine the effects of three wheat straw levels (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%; w/w) and two rates of sulfate addition (0 and 30&#xa0;mg S kg<sup>−1</sup> soil, as Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) on soil Cd availability and Cd accumulation in brown rice.</p> Results <p>The sulfate addition reduced cadmium accumulation in brown rice irrespective of straw application under the three soil Cd levels by decreasing transfer of Cd from rice tissues to brown rice. Straw application at 0.5% and 1.0% reduced the accumulation of Cd in brown rice exposed to low-/medium-Cd soils with and without sulfate addition and to high-Cd soil without sulfate addition, which could be attributed to the decline of soil Cd availability, and the decrease of TF<sub>brown rice/rice tissues</sub>, of TF<sub>roots/iron plaque</sub> due to the obstruction of iron plaque on the root surface. By contrast, wheat straw at 1.0% did not reduce Cd accumulation in brown rice exposed to low-/medium-Cd soils with and without sulfate addition and to high-Cd soil without sulfate addition, which could be attributed to the source of Cd in iron plaque on the root surface, and increase of TF<sub>roots/iron plaque</sub>, of TF<sub>brown rice/rice tissues</sub>. Wheat straw at 0.5% with sulfate addition exposed to low-/medium-Cd soils declined 77.0% and 79.9% Cd in brown rice, and obtained the lowest Cd concentration, meeting China’s food safety standard (GB 2762–2017; Cd limit: 0.2&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>).</p> Conclusions <p>Straw application at 0.5% combined with sulfate addition is recommended to control brown rice Cd accumulation in low-/medium Cd soils. The findings suggest that effective strategies for controlling the risk of rice Cd should simultaneously consider the levels of soil Cd, sulfate, and straw application.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effects of wheat straw and sulfate application at different levels on the uptake and accumulation of cadmium in brown rice under different cadmium stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月23日

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  • Yifei Li,
  • Xianlin Ke,
  • Yanhua Qiu,
  • Mingming Tao,
  • Songyan Li,
  • Xiaosong Yang,
  • Zhengyi Hu

摘要

Background

The effects of straw incorporation on controlling the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in brown rice are variable or even inconsistent, which could be attributed to the difference of straw application level, soil sulfur deficit, and Cd level. Herein, exposed to three levels of soil Cd (low Cd 0.13 mg kg−1, medium Cd 1.11 mg kg−1, and high Cd 2.99 mg kg−1), a pot experiment was carried out to examine the effects of three wheat straw levels (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%; w/w) and two rates of sulfate addition (0 and 30 mg S kg−1 soil, as Na2SO4) on soil Cd availability and Cd accumulation in brown rice.

Results

The sulfate addition reduced cadmium accumulation in brown rice irrespective of straw application under the three soil Cd levels by decreasing transfer of Cd from rice tissues to brown rice. Straw application at 0.5% and 1.0% reduced the accumulation of Cd in brown rice exposed to low-/medium-Cd soils with and without sulfate addition and to high-Cd soil without sulfate addition, which could be attributed to the decline of soil Cd availability, and the decrease of TFbrown rice/rice tissues, of TFroots/iron plaque due to the obstruction of iron plaque on the root surface. By contrast, wheat straw at 1.0% did not reduce Cd accumulation in brown rice exposed to low-/medium-Cd soils with and without sulfate addition and to high-Cd soil without sulfate addition, which could be attributed to the source of Cd in iron plaque on the root surface, and increase of TFroots/iron plaque, of TFbrown rice/rice tissues. Wheat straw at 0.5% with sulfate addition exposed to low-/medium-Cd soils declined 77.0% and 79.9% Cd in brown rice, and obtained the lowest Cd concentration, meeting China’s food safety standard (GB 2762–2017; Cd limit: 0.2 mg kg⁻1).

Conclusions

Straw application at 0.5% combined with sulfate addition is recommended to control brown rice Cd accumulation in low-/medium Cd soils. The findings suggest that effective strategies for controlling the risk of rice Cd should simultaneously consider the levels of soil Cd, sulfate, and straw application.

Graphical Abstract