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Introduction <p>Maintaining protein homeostasis is vital for multiple myeloma (MM) cell survival. Indirubin- 3-monoxime (I3MO), a potential MM therapeutic, inhibits proteasome activity, while histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) regulates autophagy. We developed I3MV- 8b, an I3MO derivative, integrating an HDAC6 inhibitor moiety to enhance dual inhibition of proteasome and autophagy pathways.</p> Methods <p>The anti-MM effects of I3MV- 8b were tested in vitro and in vivo. To identify downstream targets, RNA-seq and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed. Additionally, ChIP-seq and IP-MS techniques were employed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism.</p> Results <p>I3MV- 8b significantly suppressed MM cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Combined with proteasome inhibitors, I3MV- 8b enhanced cytotoxicity by concurrently inhibiting proteasome and autophagy pathways. It reduced TRIM28 transcription, correlating with lower expression of proteasome subunits and autophagy-related genes. ChIP-seq revealed that TRIM28 binds to proteasome gene promoters, and its knockdown decreased proteasome subunit expression and activity. TRIM28 knockdown also impaired autophagosome formation. IP-MS and Co-IP assays showed TRIM28 interacted with 14–3 - 3ζ, a negative regulator of autophagy, promoting its ubiquitination and degradation. This interaction reduced autophagy regulation, further sensitizing cells to treatment.</p> Conclusions <p>I3MV- 8b offers a novel dual inhibition strategy targeting proteasome and autophagy, presenting a promising therapeutic option for MM.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A novel indirubin- 3-monoxime derivative I3MV- 8b exhibits remarkable cytotoxicity against multiple myeloma by targeting TRIM28

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月7日

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  • Teng Fang,
  • Lanting Liu,
  • Hao Sun,
  • Xiaoyu Zhang,
  • Xiyue Sun,
  • Zhen Yu,
  • Lixin Gong,
  • Shiyi Xie,
  • Yonglong Zhao,
  • Yan Li,
  • Lugui Qiu,
  • Gang An,
  • Bin He,
  • Mu Hao

摘要

Introduction

Maintaining protein homeostasis is vital for multiple myeloma (MM) cell survival. Indirubin- 3-monoxime (I3MO), a potential MM therapeutic, inhibits proteasome activity, while histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) regulates autophagy. We developed I3MV- 8b, an I3MO derivative, integrating an HDAC6 inhibitor moiety to enhance dual inhibition of proteasome and autophagy pathways.

Methods

The anti-MM effects of I3MV- 8b were tested in vitro and in vivo. To identify downstream targets, RNA-seq and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed. Additionally, ChIP-seq and IP-MS techniques were employed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism.

Results

I3MV- 8b significantly suppressed MM cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Combined with proteasome inhibitors, I3MV- 8b enhanced cytotoxicity by concurrently inhibiting proteasome and autophagy pathways. It reduced TRIM28 transcription, correlating with lower expression of proteasome subunits and autophagy-related genes. ChIP-seq revealed that TRIM28 binds to proteasome gene promoters, and its knockdown decreased proteasome subunit expression and activity. TRIM28 knockdown also impaired autophagosome formation. IP-MS and Co-IP assays showed TRIM28 interacted with 14–3 - 3ζ, a negative regulator of autophagy, promoting its ubiquitination and degradation. This interaction reduced autophagy regulation, further sensitizing cells to treatment.

Conclusions

I3MV- 8b offers a novel dual inhibition strategy targeting proteasome and autophagy, presenting a promising therapeutic option for MM.

Graphical Abstract