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Background and aim <p>Liver fibrosis is one of the pathological consequences of several liver diseases that can lead to liver cirrhosis. Some anti-fibrotic drugs for liver fibrosis have not yet been clinically approved. The current study assesses the antioxidant properties of D-limonene (DL) on cholestatic liver damage induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats.</p> Experimental approach <p>For this purpose, 36 male rats were randomly divided into six equal groups: Sham, BDL, BDL + 50 DL, BDL + 100 DL, 50 DL, and 100 DL. The rats underwent BDL surgery and were treated with DL for a duration of 28 days. Serum liver enzymes were measured, and liver tissue was examined for histopathological, biochemical, and gene expression studies.</p> Key findings <p>Treatment with DL, administered in two doses of 50 and 100&#xa0;mg/kg, resulted in decreased levels of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Additionally, it reduced the expression of caspase-3, TNF-alpha, and malondialdehyde, leading to a decrease in liver cell damage and liver fibrosis. Moreover, DL was found to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione levels in the BDL model.</p> Conclusions <p>The results of this study suggest that DL could be considered a potential candidate for protecting the liver against cholestatic damage due to its anti-fibrotic and antioxidant properties.</p>

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Anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects of D-limonene in improving liver cirrhosis induced by bile duct ligation in male rat

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月25日

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  • Susan Sabbagh,
  • Zahra Ganjirad,
  • Leila Jafaripour,
  • Reza Norouzirad

摘要

Background and aim

Liver fibrosis is one of the pathological consequences of several liver diseases that can lead to liver cirrhosis. Some anti-fibrotic drugs for liver fibrosis have not yet been clinically approved. The current study assesses the antioxidant properties of D-limonene (DL) on cholestatic liver damage induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats.

Experimental approach

For this purpose, 36 male rats were randomly divided into six equal groups: Sham, BDL, BDL + 50 DL, BDL + 100 DL, 50 DL, and 100 DL. The rats underwent BDL surgery and were treated with DL for a duration of 28 days. Serum liver enzymes were measured, and liver tissue was examined for histopathological, biochemical, and gene expression studies.

Key findings

Treatment with DL, administered in two doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, resulted in decreased levels of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Additionally, it reduced the expression of caspase-3, TNF-alpha, and malondialdehyde, leading to a decrease in liver cell damage and liver fibrosis. Moreover, DL was found to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione levels in the BDL model.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that DL could be considered a potential candidate for protecting the liver against cholestatic damage due to its anti-fibrotic and antioxidant properties.