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<p>Passive integrated transponder (PIT) technology is widely applied for monitoring fish migration and movement. In recent years, smaller tags, more powerful readers and new antennas have become available, but there is a lack of information concerning the reliability of detection under various field conditions. Herein, we tested the performance of a small commonly applied tag (12&#xa0;mm tags, Biomark APT12 FDX) in combination with an inflatable mobile antenna to assess detection ranges under different environmental conditions in a controlled setup. We tested detection probability in relation to tag-to-antenna distance, tag collision, and swarm exposure, in combination with different environmental variables such as electric conductivity (EC), current velocity, suspended solids (turbidity), sediment and macrophytes. This study revealed a high detection probability (90–100%) from 0 to 36&#xa0;cm tag-to-antenna distance and a 50% detection probability between 36&#xa0;cm and 38&#xa0;cm. Detection ranges of PIT tags did not reveal a linear drop of detection probability with increasing distance to the antenna. Other structural and physico-chemical variables such as EC, current velocity, suspended solids, sediment composition or macrophytes had no significant influence on detection probability. Tag collision was evident when tags were exposed in very close distance to each other (&lt; 2&#xa0;cm tag distance). When PIT tags were assembled in swarms, tags located at the edge of the swarm were recorded at high probabilities of 96.6–100%. The applicability of the antenna was easy and the only major influence on detection performance was the “tag-to-antenna distance”. The results emphasize the need for careful planning regarding the location of use of the floating antenna setup (e.g., smaller streams) to ensure optimal detection probability when using 12&#xa0;mm PIT tags. Deployment in deeper aquatic habitats should not be ruled out, however, comes with the limitation of detecting tagged fish only in the upper water column.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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PIT detection efficiency using an inflatable antenna under different environmental conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月1日

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  • Joachim Pander,
  • Veronika Steinberger,
  • Christoffer Nagel,
  • Juergen Geist

摘要

Passive integrated transponder (PIT) technology is widely applied for monitoring fish migration and movement. In recent years, smaller tags, more powerful readers and new antennas have become available, but there is a lack of information concerning the reliability of detection under various field conditions. Herein, we tested the performance of a small commonly applied tag (12 mm tags, Biomark APT12 FDX) in combination with an inflatable mobile antenna to assess detection ranges under different environmental conditions in a controlled setup. We tested detection probability in relation to tag-to-antenna distance, tag collision, and swarm exposure, in combination with different environmental variables such as electric conductivity (EC), current velocity, suspended solids (turbidity), sediment and macrophytes. This study revealed a high detection probability (90–100%) from 0 to 36 cm tag-to-antenna distance and a 50% detection probability between 36 cm and 38 cm. Detection ranges of PIT tags did not reveal a linear drop of detection probability with increasing distance to the antenna. Other structural and physico-chemical variables such as EC, current velocity, suspended solids, sediment composition or macrophytes had no significant influence on detection probability. Tag collision was evident when tags were exposed in very close distance to each other (< 2 cm tag distance). When PIT tags were assembled in swarms, tags located at the edge of the swarm were recorded at high probabilities of 96.6–100%. The applicability of the antenna was easy and the only major influence on detection performance was the “tag-to-antenna distance”. The results emphasize the need for careful planning regarding the location of use of the floating antenna setup (e.g., smaller streams) to ensure optimal detection probability when using 12 mm PIT tags. Deployment in deeper aquatic habitats should not be ruled out, however, comes with the limitation of detecting tagged fish only in the upper water column.

Graphical abstract