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Background <p>Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are proliferating in wastewater microbiomes, yet the biotic forces shaping their diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we integrate 14&#xa0;months of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data from a wastewater treatment plant to reveal that viruses and microeukaryotes, long-overlooked trophic actors, may play an important role in shaping bacterial and ARG diversity.</p> Results <p>We show that viral and microeukaryotic communities exhibit strong seasonal dynamics that cascade through the microbial food web, significantly structuring prokaryotic communities and subsequently ARG profiles. Crucially, we find that viral and microeukaryotic diversity are positively associated with bacterial diversity, which in turn shapes ARG diversity, underscoring the regulatory potential of ecological interactions.</p> Conclusions <p>Our findings challenge the abiotic-centric paradigm and establish the central role of multi-trophic interactions in shaping ARG dynamics in wastewater ecosystems.</p> <p><MediaObject ID="MOESM2"> <VideoObject FileRef="MediaObjects/40168_2025_2307_MOESM2_ESM.mp4" VideoID="4btXf6bUVLuhYUYiRwpq9T"> <Caption Language="En" xml:lang="en"> <CaptionContent> <p>Video Abstract</p> </CaptionContent> </Caption> </VideoObject> </MediaObject></p>

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Viral and eukaryotic drivers of prokaryotic and antibiotic resistance gene diversity in wastewater microbiomes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月10日

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  • Antonia Weiss,
  • Alan Xavier Elena,
  • Uli Klümper,
  • Kenneth Dumack

摘要

Background

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are proliferating in wastewater microbiomes, yet the biotic forces shaping their diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we integrate 14 months of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data from a wastewater treatment plant to reveal that viruses and microeukaryotes, long-overlooked trophic actors, may play an important role in shaping bacterial and ARG diversity.

Results

We show that viral and microeukaryotic communities exhibit strong seasonal dynamics that cascade through the microbial food web, significantly structuring prokaryotic communities and subsequently ARG profiles. Crucially, we find that viral and microeukaryotic diversity are positively associated with bacterial diversity, which in turn shapes ARG diversity, underscoring the regulatory potential of ecological interactions.

Conclusions

Our findings challenge the abiotic-centric paradigm and establish the central role of multi-trophic interactions in shaping ARG dynamics in wastewater ecosystems.

Video Abstract