Background Bacterial cystitis, caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), is a common urinary tract infection that frequently recurs and seriously affects patient health. Although it is known that gut dysbiosis increases susceptibility to recurrent urinary tract infections, its impact on non-complicated bacterial cystitis—the most common and primary form of urinary tract infection—remains uncertain. Results This study found that bacterial infection can cause long-term alterations in gut microbiota structure and affect the production of metabolites. Depletion of the gut microbiota worsens the inflammatory response to bacterial infection, disrupts the epithelial barrier of the bladder, and increases E. coli retention in the bladder and bloodstream. Fecal microbiota transplantation was found to significantly alleviate these excessive inflammatory responses. The study also identified that several tryptophan derivatives derived from the gut microbiota were significantly altered during bacterial microbiota depletion and bacterial infection, with indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) exhibiting the most significant alleviating effect on the excessive inflammatory response during infection. Additionally, the study demonstrated that transcriptional activation of the immune-inhibitory protein Prg4 is regulated by the IPA receptor AhR, which is expressed in bladder urothelial cells. Knockout of AhR in bladder urothelial reduced Prg4 expression and overactivated NF-κB signaling, resulting in the loss of the IPA-alleviating effect. This study suggests that the normal gut microbiota can activate AhR in bladder urothelial cells through its metabolite IPA, regulating the transcription of Prg4 and subsequently modulating the inflammatory response to bacterial cystitis caused by E. coli infection. Conclusions These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of bacterial cystitis by leveraging the gut microbiota and their metabolites as promising therapeutic targets. <MediaObject ID="MOESM9"> <VideoObject FileRef="MediaObjects/40168_2025_2267_MOESM9_ESM.mp4" VideoID="4wApGiL6V6WoKR4cxM6vRn"> <Caption Language="En" xml:lang="en"> <CaptionContent> Video Abstract </CaptionContent> </Caption> </VideoObject> </MediaObject>

Modulating the gut-bladder axis: fecal transplantation protects antibiotic-treated mice from E. coli cystitis via the Ahr/Prg4 pathway

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2025年12月3日

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Yi Yang,
Haoran Chen,
Jianjuan Lu,
Ning Yang,
Lingrui liu,
Qinyue Zhang,
Mingyang Tang,
Xufeng Li,
Bao Meng,
Yasheng Li,
Liang Yu,
Long Gao,
Hui Zhang,
Ting Wu,
Yahong Zheng,
Yanyan Liu,
Yuxian Shen,
Jiabin Li

摘要

Background

Bacterial cystitis, caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), is a common urinary tract infection that frequently recurs and seriously affects patient health. Although it is known that gut dysbiosis increases susceptibility to recurrent urinary tract infections, its impact on non-complicated bacterial cystitis—the most common and primary form of urinary tract infection—remains uncertain.

Results

This study found that bacterial infection can cause long-term alterations in gut microbiota structure and affect the production of metabolites. Depletion of the gut microbiota worsens the inflammatory response to bacterial infection, disrupts the epithelial barrier of the bladder, and increases E. coli retention in the bladder and bloodstream. Fecal microbiota transplantation was found to significantly alleviate these excessive inflammatory responses. The study also identified that several tryptophan derivatives derived from the gut microbiota were significantly altered during bacterial microbiota depletion and bacterial infection, with indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) exhibiting the most significant alleviating effect on the excessive inflammatory response during infection. Additionally, the study demonstrated that transcriptional activation of the immune-inhibitory protein Prg4 is regulated by the IPA receptor AhR, which is expressed in bladder urothelial cells. Knockout of AhR in bladder urothelial reduced Prg4 expression and overactivated NF-κB signaling, resulting in the loss of the IPA-alleviating effect. This study suggests that the normal gut microbiota can activate AhR in bladder urothelial cells through its metabolite IPA, regulating the transcription of Prg4 and subsequently modulating the inflammatory response to bacterial cystitis caused by E. coli infection.

Conclusions

These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of bacterial cystitis by leveraging the gut microbiota and their metabolites as promising therapeutic targets.

Video Abstract