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Background <p>Marine sponges and their microbiomes function together as holobionts, playing essential roles in ecosystem dynamics and exhibiting remarkable adaptability across depth gradients. This study utilized a multi-omics approach, integrating microbiome and metabolome analyses, to investigate adaptive strategies in sponge holobionts inhabiting the mesophotic (80–125&#xa0;m), upper-rariphotic (125–200&#xa0;m), and lower-rariphotic (200–305&#xa0;m) zones of Curaçao. We hypothesized that depth-related environmental factors drive distinct adaptive strategies, similar to patterns observed in fish and coral assemblages.</p> Results <p>Results revealed major differences in holometabolomes and microbial communities between Demospongiae and Hexactinellida sponges, reflecting class-specific adaptive&#xa0;strategies. Notably, phospholipid homeoviscous adaptation to temperature and pressure might emerge as a key mechanism in phosphorus metabolism. Adaptations in nitrogen metabolism&#xa0;were linked to diverse ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) symbionts, and dissolved organic matter cycling. Hexactinellid microbiomes exhibited intra-specific heterogeneity; however,&#xa0;species-specific associations with AOA symbionts such as <i>Cenarchaeum</i>and <i>Nitrosopumilus </i>were observed. Additionally, the lower-rariphotic hexactinellid holometabolomes highlighted&#xa0;the significance of the nested ecosystem concept through the identification of secondary metabolites produced by their associated fauna (aphrocallistins by zoanthids and xanthurenic acid by shrimp).</p> Conclusions <p>This study highlights the ecological significance of sponge holobionts in mesophotic and rariphotic ecosystems, revealing diverse adaptations to unique physicochemical conditions and biotic interactions.</p> <p><MediaObject ID="MOESM2"> <VideoObject FileRef="MediaObjects/40168_2025_2146_MOESM2_ESM.mp4" VideoID="ErvS_qi2t-i8yZPVuYfERf"> <Caption Language="En" xml:lang="en"> <CaptionContent> <p>Video Abstract</p> </CaptionContent> </Caption> </VideoObject> </MediaObject></p>

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Adaptive strategies of Caribbean sponge holobionts beyond the mesophotic zone

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月2日

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  • Benoît Paix,
  • Alexane Thivet,
  • Celso Domingos,
  • Özlem Erol,
  • Niels van der Windt,
  • Young H. Choi,
  • Nicole J. de Voogd

摘要

Background

Marine sponges and their microbiomes function together as holobionts, playing essential roles in ecosystem dynamics and exhibiting remarkable adaptability across depth gradients. This study utilized a multi-omics approach, integrating microbiome and metabolome analyses, to investigate adaptive strategies in sponge holobionts inhabiting the mesophotic (80–125 m), upper-rariphotic (125–200 m), and lower-rariphotic (200–305 m) zones of Curaçao. We hypothesized that depth-related environmental factors drive distinct adaptive strategies, similar to patterns observed in fish and coral assemblages.

Results

Results revealed major differences in holometabolomes and microbial communities between Demospongiae and Hexactinellida sponges, reflecting class-specific adaptive strategies. Notably, phospholipid homeoviscous adaptation to temperature and pressure might emerge as a key mechanism in phosphorus metabolism. Adaptations in nitrogen metabolism were linked to diverse ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) symbionts, and dissolved organic matter cycling. Hexactinellid microbiomes exhibited intra-specific heterogeneity; however, species-specific associations with AOA symbionts such as Cenarchaeumand Nitrosopumilus were observed. Additionally, the lower-rariphotic hexactinellid holometabolomes highlighted the significance of the nested ecosystem concept through the identification of secondary metabolites produced by their associated fauna (aphrocallistins by zoanthids and xanthurenic acid by shrimp).

Conclusions

This study highlights the ecological significance of sponge holobionts in mesophotic and rariphotic ecosystems, revealing diverse adaptations to unique physicochemical conditions and biotic interactions.

Video Abstract