Upskirting on the London Underground: Trends, patterns and investigation outcomes
摘要
Upskirting is a technology-facilitated sexual offence involving the non-consensual capture of intimate images beneath clothing. Despite its criminalisation in England and Wales in 2019, little is currently known about the trends and patterns of upskirting or the outcomes of police investigations.
MethodsInformed by environmental criminology and crime-solvability research, this exploratory study reports the first empirical descriptive analysis of police-recorded incidents of upskirting on the London rail and tram network, using British Transport Police data from April 2019 to March 2024. Incidents classified as upskirting (n = 246) were examined to identify victim demographic characteristics and spatiotemporal patterns. Investigation outcomes for upskirting were compared with those for other recorded sexual offences on the London rail and tram network over the same period. Analyses were descriptive and reported as proportions and, where appropriate, counts.
ResultsSeveral notable patterns were identified. Recorded upskirting victims were overwhelmingly female (99%) and most commonly aged 20–29. Incidents clustered during peak travel hours, particularly around 09:00 and 18:00. Over half of offences occurred on trains (58%), while station-based incidents clustered on stairs and escalators (31%). Solvability for this crime type was low: 11% of incidents resulted in a charge or summons, while over half (53%) of upskirting cases were closed with no suspect identified. These outcomes are broadly comparable to those observed for other sexual offences on the London transport network.
ConclusionsThe findings suggest that recorded upskirting follows established opportunity-based patterns and faces the same solvability constraints as other sexual offences. The findings have implications for future research, crime prevention and policing responses to technology-facilitated sexual offences.