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Background <p>High levels of zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper sulfate are widely used as alternative growth promoters in postweaning pig diet. However, excessive exposure to these metals may drive co-selection for heavy metal (HMR) and antibiotic resistance (AMR). Nursery diets also contain abundant iron to offset the low bioavailability of plant-derived iron, yet how dietary iron influence gut dysbiosis and microbial resistance in postweaning pigs remains unclear. This exploratory study examined the effects of dietary iron and metal-based growth promoters on the fecal resistome of postweaning pigs using shotgun metagenomics and whole-genome sequencing (WGS).</p> Methods <p>Fifty weanling pigs were stratified and randomly assigned to five dietary treatments for 24&#xa0;d. Experimental diets included a control diet (Con) containing 25, 139, and 141&#xa0;mg/kg of Cu, Fe, and Zn, respectively, a low-iron diet (LFe, 19&#xa0;mg Fe/kg), a high-iron diet (HFe, 1,219&#xa0;mg Fe/kg), a high-copper diet (HCu, 257&#xa0;mg Cu/kg), and a high-zinc diet (HZn, 2,631&#xa0;mg Zn/kg, including 2,490&#xa0;mg Zn/kg from ZnO). All pigs were orally administered with F18 enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC) on d&#xa0;13–16. Metagenome sequencing were performed on d&#xa0;24 fecal DNA (<i>n</i> = 24) to identify HMR genes (BacMet Predicted database) and AMR genes (CARD database). Functional annotation was performed using HUMAnN3. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was conducted on 120 <i>E. coli</i> isolates from fecal cultures on d&#xa0;1, 12, and 24, and AMR and virulence genes were identified from contig assemblies using ABRicate.</p> Results <p>Dietary metal treatments significantly altered β-diversity of HMR genes compared with Con, with HZn differing from both HCu and LFe (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Fecal iron levels correlated with <i>sodB</i> (ρ = 0.64, <i>P</i> = 0.075), an iron-containing superoxide dismutase<i>,</i> while fecal copper levels correlated with <i>pcoC</i> (ρ = 0.66, <i>P</i> = 0.075), a plasmid-mediated copper resistance gene. Across metagenomes, 172 AMR genes were identified, dominated by glycopeptide and tetracycline resistance. While dietary iron had minimal effects on fecal AMR profile, HZn induced the largest shifts in resistome, including increases of <i>ant(9)-la</i>, conferring aminoglycoside resistance on mobile genetic elements, and&#xa0;<i>adeF</i>, encoding a multidrug efflux pump (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05).&#xa0;Functional profiling revealed enrichment of carbohydrate metabolism pathways in HZn group (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). WGS of <i>E. coli</i> isolates showed distinct AMR profiles under HZn on d 24 and distinct virulence profile under LFe on d 12, exhibiting increased prevalence of exotoxin and T3SS genes (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05).</p> Conclusion <p>Dietary iron restriction enhanced <i>E. coli</i> virulence genes, whereas excessive ZnO induced the most pronounced changes in the gut resistome and microbial metabolism, highlighting a risk for AMR co-selection and marked influence on gut microbiota.</p>

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Dietary iron and metal-based growth promoters differentially modulate the gut resistome and Escherichia coli virulome in weaned pigs

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月9日

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  • Shya E. Navazesh,
  • Anneliek ter Horst,
  • Weizhang Wen,
  • Yanhong Liu,
  • David Kiang,
  • Zhirong Li,
  • Alice Yu,
  • C. Titus Brown,
  • Peng Ji

摘要

Background

High levels of zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper sulfate are widely used as alternative growth promoters in postweaning pig diet. However, excessive exposure to these metals may drive co-selection for heavy metal (HMR) and antibiotic resistance (AMR). Nursery diets also contain abundant iron to offset the low bioavailability of plant-derived iron, yet how dietary iron influence gut dysbiosis and microbial resistance in postweaning pigs remains unclear. This exploratory study examined the effects of dietary iron and metal-based growth promoters on the fecal resistome of postweaning pigs using shotgun metagenomics and whole-genome sequencing (WGS).

Methods

Fifty weanling pigs were stratified and randomly assigned to five dietary treatments for 24 d. Experimental diets included a control diet (Con) containing 25, 139, and 141 mg/kg of Cu, Fe, and Zn, respectively, a low-iron diet (LFe, 19 mg Fe/kg), a high-iron diet (HFe, 1,219 mg Fe/kg), a high-copper diet (HCu, 257 mg Cu/kg), and a high-zinc diet (HZn, 2,631 mg Zn/kg, including 2,490 mg Zn/kg from ZnO). All pigs were orally administered with F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) on d 13–16. Metagenome sequencing were performed on d 24 fecal DNA (n = 24) to identify HMR genes (BacMet Predicted database) and AMR genes (CARD database). Functional annotation was performed using HUMAnN3. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was conducted on 120 E. coli isolates from fecal cultures on d 1, 12, and 24, and AMR and virulence genes were identified from contig assemblies using ABRicate.

Results

Dietary metal treatments significantly altered β-diversity of HMR genes compared with Con, with HZn differing from both HCu and LFe (P < 0.05). Fecal iron levels correlated with sodB (ρ = 0.64, P = 0.075), an iron-containing superoxide dismutase, while fecal copper levels correlated with pcoC (ρ = 0.66, P = 0.075), a plasmid-mediated copper resistance gene. Across metagenomes, 172 AMR genes were identified, dominated by glycopeptide and tetracycline resistance. While dietary iron had minimal effects on fecal AMR profile, HZn induced the largest shifts in resistome, including increases of ant(9)-la, conferring aminoglycoside resistance on mobile genetic elements, and adeF, encoding a multidrug efflux pump (P < 0.05). Functional profiling revealed enrichment of carbohydrate metabolism pathways in HZn group (P < 0.05). WGS of E. coli isolates showed distinct AMR profiles under HZn on d 24 and distinct virulence profile under LFe on d 12, exhibiting increased prevalence of exotoxin and T3SS genes (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Dietary iron restriction enhanced E. coli virulence genes, whereas excessive ZnO induced the most pronounced changes in the gut resistome and microbial metabolism, highlighting a risk for AMR co-selection and marked influence on gut microbiota.