Scholarlink

Background <p>The application of traditional vitamin C (VC) and sodium acetate (SA) in aquafeeds is hampered by significant limitations. VC suffers from poor stability during feed processing and storage, as well as low bioavailability. SA is highly hygroscopic, thermally unstable, and rapidly absorbed, leading to short duration of action. This study aimed to design, synthesize, and evaluate tetraacetyl vitamin C ester (TVCE), a novel VC-acetic acid conjugate, as a superior alternative.</p> Results <p>TVCE was successfully synthesized via a one-step acetylation reaction with high yield (90%) and purity (&gt; 95%). By optimizing the distillation recovery process, the by-product acetic acid from the reaction was efficiently recovered and recycled. TVCE demonstrated excellent lipophilicity, remarkable thermal stability (withstanding 160&#xa0;°C), and was efficiently hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase in simulated intestinal fluid, indicating its function as a prodrug. In zebrafish, TVCE enhanced systemic antioxidant capacity (increasing superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity, while decreasing malondialdehyde content) comparably or superiorly to sodium VC-2-phosphate, even at a lower VC-equivalent dosage. In tilapia, dietary inclusion of TVCE, particularly at 0.1%, significantly improved the weight gain rate and survival rate (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Notably, despite providing only 48% of the acetate equivalent found in the physical mixture (sodium VC-2-phosphate + SA) group, TVCE still demonstrated superior performance. Furthermore, TVCE supplementation ameliorated liver and intestinal health, as evidenced by reduced serum alanine aminotransferase, diamine oxidase levels, and liver total triglyceride levels, improved tissue morphology, and an optimized gut microbiota structure characterized by an increased abundance of Bacteroidota.</p> Conclusions <p>TVCE is successfully synthesized through a simple, green, and environmentally friendly process, which has successfully achieved the co-production of TVCE and acetic acid. TVCE effectively overcomes the stability and bioavailability issues of conventional VC and SA. In vivo studies demonstrated that TVCE significantly enhances growth performance, antioxidant status, and liver-intestine health in fish. These benefits are attributed to the synergistic effects of VC and acetic acid released upon hydrolysis, which results in a higher biological titer and achieving a "1 + 1 &gt; 2" outcome. These findings establish TVCE as a promising multi-functional nutritional precursor with significant application potential in aquatic feeds.</p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Synthesis and efficacy of tetraacetyl vitamin C ester: a novel alternative to traditional vitamin C and sodium acetate in aquafeeds

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

查看全文
  • Yanqing Li,
  • Min Fu,
  • Lijuan Yu,
  • Zhen Zhang,
  • Zhiyong Xue,
  • Lanhui Huang,
  • Rolf Erik Olsen,
  • Yuanyuan Yao,
  • Yalin Yang,
  • Chao Ran,
  • Chen Wang,
  • Qianwen Ding,
  • Zhigang Zhou

摘要

Background

The application of traditional vitamin C (VC) and sodium acetate (SA) in aquafeeds is hampered by significant limitations. VC suffers from poor stability during feed processing and storage, as well as low bioavailability. SA is highly hygroscopic, thermally unstable, and rapidly absorbed, leading to short duration of action. This study aimed to design, synthesize, and evaluate tetraacetyl vitamin C ester (TVCE), a novel VC-acetic acid conjugate, as a superior alternative.

Results

TVCE was successfully synthesized via a one-step acetylation reaction with high yield (90%) and purity (> 95%). By optimizing the distillation recovery process, the by-product acetic acid from the reaction was efficiently recovered and recycled. TVCE demonstrated excellent lipophilicity, remarkable thermal stability (withstanding 160 °C), and was efficiently hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase in simulated intestinal fluid, indicating its function as a prodrug. In zebrafish, TVCE enhanced systemic antioxidant capacity (increasing superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity, while decreasing malondialdehyde content) comparably or superiorly to sodium VC-2-phosphate, even at a lower VC-equivalent dosage. In tilapia, dietary inclusion of TVCE, particularly at 0.1%, significantly improved the weight gain rate and survival rate (P < 0.05). Notably, despite providing only 48% of the acetate equivalent found in the physical mixture (sodium VC-2-phosphate + SA) group, TVCE still demonstrated superior performance. Furthermore, TVCE supplementation ameliorated liver and intestinal health, as evidenced by reduced serum alanine aminotransferase, diamine oxidase levels, and liver total triglyceride levels, improved tissue morphology, and an optimized gut microbiota structure characterized by an increased abundance of Bacteroidota.

Conclusions

TVCE is successfully synthesized through a simple, green, and environmentally friendly process, which has successfully achieved the co-production of TVCE and acetic acid. TVCE effectively overcomes the stability and bioavailability issues of conventional VC and SA. In vivo studies demonstrated that TVCE significantly enhances growth performance, antioxidant status, and liver-intestine health in fish. These benefits are attributed to the synergistic effects of VC and acetic acid released upon hydrolysis, which results in a higher biological titer and achieving a "1 + 1 > 2" outcome. These findings establish TVCE as a promising multi-functional nutritional precursor with significant application potential in aquatic feeds.