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Background <p><i>Cetobacterium somerae</i> (<i>C. somerae</i>) is a common indigenous bacterium in the intestine of freshwater fish. Studies have shown that it has the potential to promote protein deposition, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.</p> Results <p>Nile tilapia were fed with <i>C. somerae</i> ZNN-1 (10<sup>8</sup>&#xa0;CFU/g feed), which significantly increased the carcass ratio, reduced the hepatosomatic index, and decreased whole-body lipid content. Supplementation of <i>C. somerae</i> ZNN-1 significantly increased the crude protein content in muscle, promoted glucose uptake and utilization in muscle tissue, and activated the phosphorylation of S6K/S6 in muscle tissue. <i>C. somerae</i> ZNN-1 supplementation significantly decreased hepatic total lipid, triglyceride, and free fatty acid contents. Further analysis revealed that <i>C. somerae</i> ZNN-1 supplementation markedly activated the phosphorylation of hepatic AMPK and upregulated the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation. Integrated serum metabolomic, bacterial genomic, and gut metagenomic analyses revealed that <i>C. somerae</i> ZNN-1 synthesized chorismate (CHA), which serves as a precursor for gut microbiota to produce vitamin K<sub>2</sub> (VK2). In vitro experiments demonstrated that VK2 activated the S6K/S6 pathway to promote protein synthesis, while stimulating AMPK phosphorylation and activating lipid catabolism to reduce fat accumulation.</p> Conclusions <p>These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of <i>C. somerae</i> ZNN-1 in enhancing edible protein content and reducing fat deposition of aquatic animals.</p>

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Vitamin K2 emerges as the key mediator: Cetobacterium somerae ZNN-1 increases muscle protein deposition and improves liver health in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

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  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月11日

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  • Nannan Zhou,
  • Junxi Liu,
  • Xiangfeng Zhang,
  • Guanxiu Xiao,
  • Meiling Zhang

摘要

Background

Cetobacterium somerae (C. somerae) is a common indigenous bacterium in the intestine of freshwater fish. Studies have shown that it has the potential to promote protein deposition, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Results

Nile tilapia were fed with C. somerae ZNN-1 (108 CFU/g feed), which significantly increased the carcass ratio, reduced the hepatosomatic index, and decreased whole-body lipid content. Supplementation of C. somerae ZNN-1 significantly increased the crude protein content in muscle, promoted glucose uptake and utilization in muscle tissue, and activated the phosphorylation of S6K/S6 in muscle tissue. C. somerae ZNN-1 supplementation significantly decreased hepatic total lipid, triglyceride, and free fatty acid contents. Further analysis revealed that C. somerae ZNN-1 supplementation markedly activated the phosphorylation of hepatic AMPK and upregulated the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation. Integrated serum metabolomic, bacterial genomic, and gut metagenomic analyses revealed that C. somerae ZNN-1 synthesized chorismate (CHA), which serves as a precursor for gut microbiota to produce vitamin K2 (VK2). In vitro experiments demonstrated that VK2 activated the S6K/S6 pathway to promote protein synthesis, while stimulating AMPK phosphorylation and activating lipid catabolism to reduce fat accumulation.

Conclusions

These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of C. somerae ZNN-1 in enhancing edible protein content and reducing fat deposition of aquatic animals.