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Background <p>Both Nocturia and cold exposure are associated with higher mortality and other health problems. The previous studies already indicated the significant association between nocturia and air temperature. Skin temperature might be superior to air temperature in that it can show the individualized impact of cold exposure. The current study aimed to investigate the association between distal–proximal skin temperature gradient (DPG) and nocturia among older adults in the living environment.</p> Methods <p>The participants of this cross-sectional study were 558 community-dwelling people (≥ 60&#xa0;years old) in Nara, Japan. Distal (wrist and ankle) and proximal (abdomen) skin temperatures were measured every minute for 48&#xa0;h starting at noon in the cold season. DPG was calculated as distal skin temperature minus the proximal one. Then, the prevalence of nocturia (≥ 2 voids per night) was evaluated based on the standardized diary. We focused on the prevalence of nocturia on the second night and DPG of the daytime just before. We constructed logistic regression models to calculate the odds ratio for nocturia associated with a 1&#xa0;°C increase in daytime DPG. Furthermore, we also analyzed the association between nocturia and nighttime DPG.</p> Results <p>The means (standard deviation) of daytime distal–proximal skin temperature gradient among participants with and without nocturia were − 3.41&#xa0;°C (1.83) and − 2.93&#xa0;°C (1.63), respectively (<i>P</i> = 0.004). Further, a 1&#xa0;°C higher daytime DPG was significantly associated with lower odds for nocturia (crude odds ratio: 0.85; 95% confidence interval: 0.76–0.94; <i>P</i> = 0.003). The association was independent of potential confounders (adjusted odds ratio: 0.79; 95% confidence interval: 0.69–0.90; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). The potential confounders included basic characteristics (age, gender, body mass index, current smoking, and ethanol intake), clinical variables and medications (blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, depressive symptoms, calcium channel blockers, diabetic medicines, diuretics, and sleeping pills), and socioeconomic status (education ≥ 13&#xa0;years and high household income). Nighttime DPG and nocturia showed the similar association (adjusted odds ratio: 0.65; 95% confidence interval: 0.48 − 0.88; <i>P</i> = 0.005).</p> Conclusions <p>A higher daytime DPG in the living environment was significantly associated with lower odds of nocturia in older adults.</p>

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Daytime skin temperature and nocturia in the subsequent night among community-dwelling older adults in the cold season in the HEIJO-KYO study

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Daisuke Tamaru,
  • Kenji Obayashi,
  • Yoshiaki Tai,
  • Yuki Yamagami,
  • Kazuki Okumura,
  • Hiromitsu Negoro,
  • Keigo Saeki

摘要

Background

Both Nocturia and cold exposure are associated with higher mortality and other health problems. The previous studies already indicated the significant association between nocturia and air temperature. Skin temperature might be superior to air temperature in that it can show the individualized impact of cold exposure. The current study aimed to investigate the association between distal–proximal skin temperature gradient (DPG) and nocturia among older adults in the living environment.

Methods

The participants of this cross-sectional study were 558 community-dwelling people (≥ 60 years old) in Nara, Japan. Distal (wrist and ankle) and proximal (abdomen) skin temperatures were measured every minute for 48 h starting at noon in the cold season. DPG was calculated as distal skin temperature minus the proximal one. Then, the prevalence of nocturia (≥ 2 voids per night) was evaluated based on the standardized diary. We focused on the prevalence of nocturia on the second night and DPG of the daytime just before. We constructed logistic regression models to calculate the odds ratio for nocturia associated with a 1 °C increase in daytime DPG. Furthermore, we also analyzed the association between nocturia and nighttime DPG.

Results

The means (standard deviation) of daytime distal–proximal skin temperature gradient among participants with and without nocturia were − 3.41 °C (1.83) and − 2.93 °C (1.63), respectively (P = 0.004). Further, a 1 °C higher daytime DPG was significantly associated with lower odds for nocturia (crude odds ratio: 0.85; 95% confidence interval: 0.76–0.94; P = 0.003). The association was independent of potential confounders (adjusted odds ratio: 0.79; 95% confidence interval: 0.69–0.90; P < 0.001). The potential confounders included basic characteristics (age, gender, body mass index, current smoking, and ethanol intake), clinical variables and medications (blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, depressive symptoms, calcium channel blockers, diabetic medicines, diuretics, and sleeping pills), and socioeconomic status (education ≥ 13 years and high household income). Nighttime DPG and nocturia showed the similar association (adjusted odds ratio: 0.65; 95% confidence interval: 0.48 − 0.88; P = 0.005).

Conclusions

A higher daytime DPG in the living environment was significantly associated with lower odds of nocturia in older adults.