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Background <p>Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among Japanese female university students. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with physical and mental health problems, including sleep disorders. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and sleep and mental health problems among Japanese female university students.</p> Methods <p>Participants were 224 female university students. Blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for vitamin D assessment. Mental health was assessed using the K6. Sleep–wake status as a factor related to mental health was assessed using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and Munich ChronoType Questionnaire. Loneliness was assessed using the Three-Item Loneliness Scale. Factors predicting mental health problems with a K6 score ≥ 5 were explored using the Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact probability test, and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis.</p> Results <p>The median (interquartile range) serum 25(OH)D concentration was 14.5 (11.8–18.3) ng/mL. Of the participants, 80.8% had vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D &lt; 20&#xa0;ng/mL), and 26.3% had severe vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D &lt; 12&#xa0;ng/mL). In total, 41.1% had mental health problems with a K6 score of ≥ 5. Although there was no significant association between vitamin D deficiency and sleep–wake problems, vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent among those with K6 scores ≥ 5 (<i>P</i> = 0.02). Compared to those with K6 &lt; 5, those with K6 ≥ 5 had significantly higher Loneliness and AIS scores (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001), greater social jetlag (<i>P</i> = 0.03), shorter sleep duration on weekdays (<i>P</i> = 0.03), and lower serum 25(OH)D concentration (<i>P</i> = 0.02). In the CART analysis, the algorithm was set in the order of Loneliness score ≥ 6, AIS score ≥ 7, social jetlag ≥ 150&#xa0;min, and serum 25(OH)D concentration &lt; 14&#xa0;ng/mL, and the target accuracy (95% confidence interval: CI) was 76.5 (70.3–81.9)%, and sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) were 62.2 (51.4–72.2)% and 86.3 (79.2–91.6)%, respectively.</p> Conclusions <p>Loneliness, insomnia symptoms, social jetlag, and vitamin D deficiency were associated with mental health problems among Japanese female university students.</p>

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Loneliness, insomnia symptoms, social jetlag, and vitamin D deficiency in relation to mental health problems in Japanese female university students: a cross-sectional study

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月9日

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  • Nodoka Yamashita,
  • Shioka Ishii,
  • Yoriko Kotoku,
  • Takuya Shuo,
  • Hiromi Eto,
  • Hideaki Kondo

摘要

Background

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among Japanese female university students. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with physical and mental health problems, including sleep disorders. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and sleep and mental health problems among Japanese female university students.

Methods

Participants were 224 female university students. Blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for vitamin D assessment. Mental health was assessed using the K6. Sleep–wake status as a factor related to mental health was assessed using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and Munich ChronoType Questionnaire. Loneliness was assessed using the Three-Item Loneliness Scale. Factors predicting mental health problems with a K6 score ≥ 5 were explored using the Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact probability test, and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis.

Results

The median (interquartile range) serum 25(OH)D concentration was 14.5 (11.8–18.3) ng/mL. Of the participants, 80.8% had vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL), and 26.3% had severe vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 12 ng/mL). In total, 41.1% had mental health problems with a K6 score of ≥ 5. Although there was no significant association between vitamin D deficiency and sleep–wake problems, vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent among those with K6 scores ≥ 5 (P = 0.02). Compared to those with K6 < 5, those with K6 ≥ 5 had significantly higher Loneliness and AIS scores (P < 0.001), greater social jetlag (P = 0.03), shorter sleep duration on weekdays (P = 0.03), and lower serum 25(OH)D concentration (P = 0.02). In the CART analysis, the algorithm was set in the order of Loneliness score ≥ 6, AIS score ≥ 7, social jetlag ≥ 150 min, and serum 25(OH)D concentration < 14 ng/mL, and the target accuracy (95% confidence interval: CI) was 76.5 (70.3–81.9)%, and sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) were 62.2 (51.4–72.2)% and 86.3 (79.2–91.6)%, respectively.

Conclusions

Loneliness, insomnia symptoms, social jetlag, and vitamin D deficiency were associated with mental health problems among Japanese female university students.