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<p>The lung microbiota is a complex symbiotic micro-ecosystem primarily composed of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, which participates in the development of various respiratory diseases. In healthy individuals, the composition of the lung microbiota is stable and characterized by low microbial abundance. Conversely, the structure and relative abundance of these microbial communities are considerably altered during the pathological states of different respiratory diseases, demonstrating the enrichment of specific microorganisms and the dysregulation of host immunity. Specific microorganisms participate in the pathogenesis and progression of various respiratory diseases owing to their unique ecological niches and immunomodulatory effects. Simultaneously, cross-domain interactions among these microorganisms mediate the remodeling of the immune microenvironment, thereby affecting disease progression. Furthermore, although lung transplantation is the most effective treatment for a variety of end-stage respiratory diseases, its postoperative complications remain a formidable clinical challenge. Accumulating evidence indicates that the differential enrichment of the lung microbiota in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) is closely associated with postoperative complications, including pulmonary infection, chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), primary graft dysfunction (PGD), and bronchial anastomotic lesions. This review outlines the composition and relative abundance of lung microorganisms under various physiological and pathological conditions, and systematically elucidates their unique ecological niches and immunoregulatory mechanisms. Additionally, it highlights the relationship between the enrichment of the lung microbiota and postoperative complications—such as pulmonary infection, CLAD, and PGD—in LTRs. Ultimately, this review aims to provide a theoretical basis and a novel perspective for the clinical regulation of pulmonary microecology, the individualized management of LTRs, and therapeutic interventions for postoperative complications.</p>

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A new perspective on the role of lung microbiota in mediating immune regulation to affect the progression of respiratory diseases and the homeostasis of lung transplantation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Yan Lv,
  • Zhihan Xiao,
  • Linwu Kuang,
  • Willice Wasonga Omindo,
  • Xu Zhan,
  • Wei Tang,
  • Xinji Liu,
  • Xiaoyu Wang,
  • Li Fu,
  • Ruijie Zhang,
  • Wei Ping,
  • Qi Wang,
  • Ni Zhang

摘要

The lung microbiota is a complex symbiotic micro-ecosystem primarily composed of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, which participates in the development of various respiratory diseases. In healthy individuals, the composition of the lung microbiota is stable and characterized by low microbial abundance. Conversely, the structure and relative abundance of these microbial communities are considerably altered during the pathological states of different respiratory diseases, demonstrating the enrichment of specific microorganisms and the dysregulation of host immunity. Specific microorganisms participate in the pathogenesis and progression of various respiratory diseases owing to their unique ecological niches and immunomodulatory effects. Simultaneously, cross-domain interactions among these microorganisms mediate the remodeling of the immune microenvironment, thereby affecting disease progression. Furthermore, although lung transplantation is the most effective treatment for a variety of end-stage respiratory diseases, its postoperative complications remain a formidable clinical challenge. Accumulating evidence indicates that the differential enrichment of the lung microbiota in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) is closely associated with postoperative complications, including pulmonary infection, chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), primary graft dysfunction (PGD), and bronchial anastomotic lesions. This review outlines the composition and relative abundance of lung microorganisms under various physiological and pathological conditions, and systematically elucidates their unique ecological niches and immunoregulatory mechanisms. Additionally, it highlights the relationship between the enrichment of the lung microbiota and postoperative complications—such as pulmonary infection, CLAD, and PGD—in LTRs. Ultimately, this review aims to provide a theoretical basis and a novel perspective for the clinical regulation of pulmonary microecology, the individualized management of LTRs, and therapeutic interventions for postoperative complications.