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Background <p>Pressure ulcers are localized injuries to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, often forming over bony prominences due to prolonged pressure or shear forces. These ulcers pose a significant health challenge, affecting nearly 3 million adults and creating a substantial healthcare burden.</p> Objectives <p>This study aimed to explore the pathological, inflammatory, fibrotic, and oxidative responses in skin subjected to ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) under different pressure conditions using a minipig model.</p> Materials and methods <p>Male minipigs (5–6&#xa0;months old, 25–30&#xa0;kg) were used to simulate IRI through varying pressure durations and intensities. Pathological assessments included collagen fiber disruption and damage to hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Inflammatory and oxidative responses were measured by analyzing microvessel density, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α), Interleukin-1β(IL-1β), IL-6, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-1, cleaved caspase-3, phosphorylation RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase/Protein kinase B (p-AKT), and phosphorylation Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (p-eNOS) levels.</p> Results <p>Increasing pressure duration and intensity resulted in significant collagen fiber disruption and damage to hair follicles and sebaceous glands. There was a decline in microvessel density and levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, VEGF, and VEGF receptor 2. Conversely, HIF-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-9, MMP-1, cleaved caspase-3, p-AKT, and p-eNOS levels increased.</p> Conclusion <p>External mechanical forces exacerbate ischemia–reperfusion injury in pressure ulcers by intensifying oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, mainly through the activation of the AKT/eNOS pathway.</p>

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Continuous pressure exacerbates ischemia–reperfusion injury in minipigs through the AKT/eNOS signaling pathway

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • Lin Tao,
  • Xiaolin Ma,
  • Ying Yang,
  • Heng Wang,
  • Xiaorong Yang,
  • Yanli Luo

摘要

Background

Pressure ulcers are localized injuries to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, often forming over bony prominences due to prolonged pressure or shear forces. These ulcers pose a significant health challenge, affecting nearly 3 million adults and creating a substantial healthcare burden.

Objectives

This study aimed to explore the pathological, inflammatory, fibrotic, and oxidative responses in skin subjected to ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) under different pressure conditions using a minipig model.

Materials and methods

Male minipigs (5–6 months old, 25–30 kg) were used to simulate IRI through varying pressure durations and intensities. Pathological assessments included collagen fiber disruption and damage to hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Inflammatory and oxidative responses were measured by analyzing microvessel density, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α), Interleukin-1β(IL-1β), IL-6, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-1, cleaved caspase-3, phosphorylation RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase/Protein kinase B (p-AKT), and phosphorylation Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (p-eNOS) levels.

Results

Increasing pressure duration and intensity resulted in significant collagen fiber disruption and damage to hair follicles and sebaceous glands. There was a decline in microvessel density and levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, VEGF, and VEGF receptor 2. Conversely, HIF-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-9, MMP-1, cleaved caspase-3, p-AKT, and p-eNOS levels increased.

Conclusion

External mechanical forces exacerbate ischemia–reperfusion injury in pressure ulcers by intensifying oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, mainly through the activation of the AKT/eNOS pathway.