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Background <p>The genetic response of species to landscape change is often delayed. While generation time is a key reproductive trait influencing the duration of this delay, the role of biotic interactions, for example, the identity and mobility of pollinators, is often overlooked in studies of plant species. The relative importance of species’ generation time and their pollination mode in shaping the length of this delay in genetic response remains poorly understood. We compared time lags in populations of three common temperate forest herb species—<i>Anemone</i>&#xa0;<i>nemorosa</i>, <i>Oxalis acetosella</i> and <i>Polygonatum multiflorum</i>—which differ in generation time and pollination mode. Using old maps and aerial photographs, we analysed landscape changes in three typical temperate European agricultural landscapes across six time periods from the late eighteenth century to the present (~ 50-year intervals). We quantified landscape composition and configuration and assessed how long populations of each species took to exhibit genetic responses to different aspects of landscape change, as reflected in their genetic diversity and differentiation measures.</p> Results <p>Populations of <i>Anemone nemorosa</i> and <i>Polygonatum multiflorum</i>, which have longer generation times, tended to show longer time lags than those of <i>Oxalis acetosella</i>, which has a shorter generation time. This pattern was evident in genetic diversity, while the pattern for genetic differentiation appeared to follow that of other lag-favouring traits, such as longevity and clonal growth. Meanwhile, between the two long-generation-time species, populations of <i>P.&#xa0;multiflorum</i>, pollinated by more mobile pollinators, such as bumblebees, tend to show a shorter time lag than those of <i>A. nemorosa</i>, whose pollinators forage over smaller distances. Among various landscape metrics, habitat amount, arrangement and overall landscape configuration played a crucial role in shaping long-term genetic responses.</p> Conclusions <p>The current population genetic structure is shaped by landscape history in ways that highlight the importance of accounting for species-specific traits such as generation time and associated gene dispersal vectors.</p>

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Long generation time and limited dispersal contribute to two centuries of delayed genetic response to landscape changes in forest herbs

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Siyu Huang,
  • Jannis Till Feigs,
  • Jörg Brunet,
  • Martin Diekmann,
  • Per-Ola Hedwall,
  • Stephanie I. J. Holzhauer,
  • Tobias Naaf

摘要

Background

The genetic response of species to landscape change is often delayed. While generation time is a key reproductive trait influencing the duration of this delay, the role of biotic interactions, for example, the identity and mobility of pollinators, is often overlooked in studies of plant species. The relative importance of species’ generation time and their pollination mode in shaping the length of this delay in genetic response remains poorly understood. We compared time lags in populations of three common temperate forest herb species—Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis acetosella and Polygonatum multiflorum—which differ in generation time and pollination mode. Using old maps and aerial photographs, we analysed landscape changes in three typical temperate European agricultural landscapes across six time periods from the late eighteenth century to the present (~ 50-year intervals). We quantified landscape composition and configuration and assessed how long populations of each species took to exhibit genetic responses to different aspects of landscape change, as reflected in their genetic diversity and differentiation measures.

Results

Populations of Anemone nemorosa and Polygonatum multiflorum, which have longer generation times, tended to show longer time lags than those of Oxalis acetosella, which has a shorter generation time. This pattern was evident in genetic diversity, while the pattern for genetic differentiation appeared to follow that of other lag-favouring traits, such as longevity and clonal growth. Meanwhile, between the two long-generation-time species, populations of P. multiflorum, pollinated by more mobile pollinators, such as bumblebees, tend to show a shorter time lag than those of A. nemorosa, whose pollinators forage over smaller distances. Among various landscape metrics, habitat amount, arrangement and overall landscape configuration played a crucial role in shaping long-term genetic responses.

Conclusions

The current population genetic structure is shaped by landscape history in ways that highlight the importance of accounting for species-specific traits such as generation time and associated gene dispersal vectors.