<p>In this paper, we study the existence of normalized ground state solutions to the following biharmonic equation: <Equation ID="Equa"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13661_2025_2097_Article_Equa.gif" Format="GIF" Height="64" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="282" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mtable columnalign="left"> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>u</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <mtext>in&#xa0;</mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mn>4</mn> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <msup> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mn>4</mn> </msup> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>u</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} \Delta ^{2} u = \lambda u+ \mu |u|^{q-2}u +f(u) \quad \text{in } \mathbb{R}^{4}, \\ \displaystyle \int _{\mathbb{R}^{4}} |u|^{2} \: dx = a^{2}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \)</EquationSource> </Equation> where <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13661_2025_2097_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$a,\mu &gt; 0 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13661_2025_2097_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>q</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>4</mn> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$q&gt;4$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13661_2025_2097_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\lambda \in \mathbb{R}$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is an unknown parameter that appears as a Lagrange multiplier, and <i>f</i> is a nonlinear function that possesses critical exponential growth motivated by the Adams inequality. To prove the existence of solutions, we construct an augmented functional that possesses a mountain-pass-type geometry.</p>

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Normalized ground state solutions for a biharmonic equation involving critical exponential growth in \(\mathbb{R}^{4}\)

  • Yony Raúl Santaria Leuyacc

摘要

In this paper, we study the existence of normalized ground state solutions to the following biharmonic equation: { Δ 2 u = λ u + μ | u | q 2 u + f ( u ) in  R 4 , R 4 | u | 2 d x = a 2 , \( \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} \Delta ^{2} u = \lambda u+ \mu |u|^{q-2}u +f(u) \quad \text{in } \mathbb{R}^{4}, \\ \displaystyle \int _{\mathbb{R}^{4}} |u|^{2} \: dx = a^{2}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \) where a , μ > 0 $a,\mu > 0 $ , q > 4 $q>4$ , λ R $\lambda \in \mathbb{R}$ is an unknown parameter that appears as a Lagrange multiplier, and f is a nonlinear function that possesses critical exponential growth motivated by the Adams inequality. To prove the existence of solutions, we construct an augmented functional that possesses a mountain-pass-type geometry.