<p>The present article investigates the domain of metric spaces, going beyond traditional bounds by presenting hexagonal suprametric spaces with the aim of extending upon the idea of hexagonal metric spaces (Tiwari and Sharma in Ann. Math. Comput. Sci. 6:35–48, <CitationRef CitationID="CR40">2022</CitationRef>) and Branciari suprametric spaces (Tasneem Zubair in Results Nonlinear Anal. 7(3):80–93, <CitationRef CitationID="CR39">2024</CitationRef>). By means of meticulous analysis and clarification, we illuminate the nuances of this recently established metric space and its elongated counterparts. The newly introduced metric is demonstrated through several illustrations, and its topology is examined. Through the application of well-known fixed point theorems to the framework of theorems about hexagonal suprametric spaces, we reveal a corollary that leads to symmetry requirements, which are required for the existence and uniqueness of fixed points with respect to self-operators in such a space. Eventually, by applying the theoretically proven fixed point theorems, this research examines the existence of solutions for the following nonlinear fractional differential equations with antiperiodic boundary conditions of order <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13661_2025_2081_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="63" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">z</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mathfrak{z} \in (3, 4]$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>: <Equation ID="Equa"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13661_2025_2081_Article_Equa.gif" Format="GIF" Height="54" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="514" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mtable columnalign="right left" columnspacing="0.2em"> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mmultiscripts> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">D</mi> <none /> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">z</mi> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">c</mi> </mmultiscripts> <mi>ϰ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ϱ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ϰ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">t</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn mathvariant="sans-serif">0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi>ϰ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>ϰ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <msup> <mi>ϰ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>ϰ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <msup> <mi>ϰ</mi> <mo>″</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>ϰ</mi> <mo>″</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <msup> <mi>ϰ</mi> <mo>‴</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>ϰ</mi> <mo>‴</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \left \{ \begin{aligned} &amp; ^{\mathfrak{c}}\mathsf{D}^{\mathfrak{z}}\varkappa (\mathfrak{t}) = \varrho (\mathfrak{t},\varkappa (\mathfrak{t})),\;\mathfrak{t}\in \mathsf{[0,T]}, \mathsf{T}&gt;0, \\ &amp;\varkappa (0) = -\varkappa (\mathsf{T}),\ \varkappa '(0) = - \varkappa '(\mathsf{T}),\ \varkappa ''(0) = -\varkappa ''(\mathsf{T}), \ \varkappa '''(0) = -\varkappa '''(\mathsf{T}), \end{aligned} \right . \)</EquationSource> </Equation> in which <i>ϱ</i> is a specified continuous function and <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13661_2025_2081_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">D</mi> <none /> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">z</mi> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">c</mi> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${}^{\mathfrak{c}}\mathsf{D}^{\mathfrak{z}}$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the Caputo fractional derivative of order <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13661_2025_2081_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">z</mi> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mathfrak{z}$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The theoretical result is demonstrated through an illustrative example presented in the concluding section of the article.</p>

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Fixed point method for the existence of solutions to antiperiodic boundary value problems in fractional differential equations within hexagonal suprametric spaces

  • Sumaiya Tasneem Zubair,
  • Thabet Abdeljawad,
  • Manar A. Alqudah,
  • Aiman Mukheimer

摘要

The present article investigates the domain of metric spaces, going beyond traditional bounds by presenting hexagonal suprametric spaces with the aim of extending upon the idea of hexagonal metric spaces (Tiwari and Sharma in Ann. Math. Comput. Sci. 6:35–48, 2022) and Branciari suprametric spaces (Tasneem Zubair in Results Nonlinear Anal. 7(3):80–93, 2024). By means of meticulous analysis and clarification, we illuminate the nuances of this recently established metric space and its elongated counterparts. The newly introduced metric is demonstrated through several illustrations, and its topology is examined. Through the application of well-known fixed point theorems to the framework of theorems about hexagonal suprametric spaces, we reveal a corollary that leads to symmetry requirements, which are required for the existence and uniqueness of fixed points with respect to self-operators in such a space. Eventually, by applying the theoretically proven fixed point theorems, this research examines the existence of solutions for the following nonlinear fractional differential equations with antiperiodic boundary conditions of order z ( 3 , 4 ] $\mathfrak{z} \in (3, 4]$ : { D z c ϰ ( t ) = ϱ ( t , ϰ ( t ) ) , t [ 0 , T ] , T > 0 , ϰ ( 0 ) = ϰ ( T ) , ϰ ( 0 ) = ϰ ( T ) , ϰ ( 0 ) = ϰ ( T ) , ϰ ( 0 ) = ϰ ( T ) , \( \left \{ \begin{aligned} & ^{\mathfrak{c}}\mathsf{D}^{\mathfrak{z}}\varkappa (\mathfrak{t}) = \varrho (\mathfrak{t},\varkappa (\mathfrak{t})),\;\mathfrak{t}\in \mathsf{[0,T]}, \mathsf{T}>0, \\ &\varkappa (0) = -\varkappa (\mathsf{T}),\ \varkappa '(0) = - \varkappa '(\mathsf{T}),\ \varkappa ''(0) = -\varkappa ''(\mathsf{T}), \ \varkappa '''(0) = -\varkappa '''(\mathsf{T}), \end{aligned} \right . \) in which ϱ is a specified continuous function and D z c ${}^{\mathfrak{c}}\mathsf{D}^{\mathfrak{z}}$ is the Caputo fractional derivative of order z $\mathfrak{z}$ . The theoretical result is demonstrated through an illustrative example presented in the concluding section of the article.