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<p>In this paper, a collaborative 3D Digital Twin (C-3DDT) environment replicating a physical Fab Lab is proposed, validated, and evaluated over two sliced 5G systems: O-RAN and 3GPP. Extended Reality and C-3DDT technologies are expected to play a central role in future 6G services, enabling immersive and collaborative applications with demanding Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. To prepare for this vision, it is essential to evaluate 5G systems incorporating 6G-enabling features, such as network slicing and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven optimization. However, systematic assessments of 5G capabilities in such complex, interactive environments remain limited. The proposed, immersive C-3DDT platform supports remote collaboration and it is evaluated under sliced 5G configurations, including O-RAN and an AI-powered 3GPP-compliant RAN. AI-driven dynamic slice optimization is deployed to improve adaptability and resource efficiency of the system. Furthermore, the evaluations extend beyond traditional key performance indicators by incorporating a key value indicator analysis addressing cost and efficiency, sustainability, digital security, knowledge and learning, and quality of life. The results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of C-3DDT environments over advanced 5G networks, offering insights for the transition toward secure, sustainable, and highly efficient 6G systems.</p>

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Collaborative 3D Digital Twin in remote Fab Lab over AI-powered sliced 5G networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月29日

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  • Kenichi Komatsu,
  • Antti Pauanne,
  • Afeez Afuwape,
  • Saad Hassan,
  • Tuomo Hänninen,
  • Rafael Rosales,
  • Juha Kela,
  • Tapani Rantakokko,
  • Esa Piri,
  • Jarmo Prokkola,
  • Tiago Alves,
  • Paulo Marques,
  • Ari Pouttu,
  • Jussi Haapola

摘要

In this paper, a collaborative 3D Digital Twin (C-3DDT) environment replicating a physical Fab Lab is proposed, validated, and evaluated over two sliced 5G systems: O-RAN and 3GPP. Extended Reality and C-3DDT technologies are expected to play a central role in future 6G services, enabling immersive and collaborative applications with demanding Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. To prepare for this vision, it is essential to evaluate 5G systems incorporating 6G-enabling features, such as network slicing and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven optimization. However, systematic assessments of 5G capabilities in such complex, interactive environments remain limited. The proposed, immersive C-3DDT platform supports remote collaboration and it is evaluated under sliced 5G configurations, including O-RAN and an AI-powered 3GPP-compliant RAN. AI-driven dynamic slice optimization is deployed to improve adaptability and resource efficiency of the system. Furthermore, the evaluations extend beyond traditional key performance indicators by incorporating a key value indicator analysis addressing cost and efficiency, sustainability, digital security, knowledge and learning, and quality of life. The results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of C-3DDT environments over advanced 5G networks, offering insights for the transition toward secure, sustainable, and highly efficient 6G systems.