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Background <p>The relationship between airborne pollutants and subtypes of neurodegenerative disorders remains poorly understood. This study aims to assess the associations between major air pollutants and the risk of multiple neurodegenerative disease outcomes.</p> Methods <p>We searched three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus), with the most recent update on February 21st, 2026. We included studies involving adults (without the disease at baseline) with exposure to air pollutants such as PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub>, and O<sub>3</sub>, and outcomes related to all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and vascular dementia (VaD). Data extracted included study details, population characteristics, and risk of bias, assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random-effects models.</p> Results <p>Among 24,196 identified records, 49 studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies covered populations from North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania, providing a broad global perspective. A per-increment relationship was found between air pollution and incidence of all-cause dementia. For each 1&#xa0;µg/m³ increase in PM<sub>2.5</sub>, the pooled HR for all-cause dementia was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02–1.12), with weaker but positive associations for AD (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.05), PD (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.04) and VaD (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.05). PM<sub>10</sub> exposure was positively associated with AD risk (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03, per 1&#xa0;µg/m³ increase). In addition, NO<sub>2</sub> was associated with increased risks of all-cause dementia (HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00-1.11) and VaD (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01–1.28) per 10&#xa0;µg/m³ increase.</p> Conclusions <p>Our findings indicate that pollutants, particularly PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, and NO<sub>2</sub>, are associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. These results provide strong evidence supporting the role of air quality in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 13, aiming to reduce the dementia burden and improve air quality globally.</p>

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Airborne pollutants and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: a global systematic review and meta-analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月18日

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  • Ziyu Zhang,
  • Chengdong Xu

摘要

Background

The relationship between airborne pollutants and subtypes of neurodegenerative disorders remains poorly understood. This study aims to assess the associations between major air pollutants and the risk of multiple neurodegenerative disease outcomes.

Methods

We searched three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus), with the most recent update on February 21st, 2026. We included studies involving adults (without the disease at baseline) with exposure to air pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NOx, and O3, and outcomes related to all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and vascular dementia (VaD). Data extracted included study details, population characteristics, and risk of bias, assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random-effects models.

Results

Among 24,196 identified records, 49 studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies covered populations from North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania, providing a broad global perspective. A per-increment relationship was found between air pollution and incidence of all-cause dementia. For each 1 µg/m³ increase in PM2.5, the pooled HR for all-cause dementia was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02–1.12), with weaker but positive associations for AD (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.05), PD (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.04) and VaD (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.05). PM10 exposure was positively associated with AD risk (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03, per 1 µg/m³ increase). In addition, NO2 was associated with increased risks of all-cause dementia (HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00-1.11) and VaD (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01–1.28) per 10 µg/m³ increase.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that pollutants, particularly PM2.5, PM10, and NO2, are associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. These results provide strong evidence supporting the role of air quality in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 13, aiming to reduce the dementia burden and improve air quality globally.