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Aim <p>Dietary fiber is a key modulator of the gut microbiome, yet its specific role following antibiotic exposure remains under-characterized in large populations. Previous studies suggest high-fiber diets promote recovery, but often rely on small cohorts. We aimed to re-evaluate these microbial signatures and their association with current microbiome states in a large, diverse adult population.</p> Methods <p>We analyzed 16&#xa0;S rRNA gene sequencing data from the American Gut Project (AGP). Participants with recent antibiotic exposure were stratified by high-fiber (HF; <i>N</i> = 971) or low-fiber (LF; <i>N</i> = 955) intake. We assessed alpha and beta diversity and identified differentially abundant genera using LEfSe. Key biomarkers were validated using ANCOM-BC and multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, sex, and BMI.</p> Results <p>Contrary to previous models, high-fiber intake was not associated with a uniform enrichment of commensal Clostridia. Instead, <i>Bifidobacterium</i> and <i>Lachnospira</i> were identified as genus-level biomarkers significantly enriched in the HF group, while <i>Bacteroides</i> and <i>Parabacteroides</i> were enriched in the LF group. These associations were confirmed to be robust by multivariable linear regression (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). High-fiber intake was not associated with significantly higher alpha diversity within the one-month post-antibiotic timeframe.</p> Conclusion <p>Post-antibiotic microbiome signatures associated with fiber intake are distinct and specific. We identified <i>Bifidobacterium</i> and <i>Lachnospira</i> as robust targets for dietary interventions, challenging simplistic models of recovery and highlighting the need for precision nutrition strategies to enhance gut resilience.</p>

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Re-evaluating gut microbiome signatures of post-antibiotic dietary fiber intake in a large adult cohort

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月14日

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  • Yuwei Tang,
  • Xi Fu,
  • Yu Sun

摘要

Aim

Dietary fiber is a key modulator of the gut microbiome, yet its specific role following antibiotic exposure remains under-characterized in large populations. Previous studies suggest high-fiber diets promote recovery, but often rely on small cohorts. We aimed to re-evaluate these microbial signatures and their association with current microbiome states in a large, diverse adult population.

Methods

We analyzed 16 S rRNA gene sequencing data from the American Gut Project (AGP). Participants with recent antibiotic exposure were stratified by high-fiber (HF; N = 971) or low-fiber (LF; N = 955) intake. We assessed alpha and beta diversity and identified differentially abundant genera using LEfSe. Key biomarkers were validated using ANCOM-BC and multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, sex, and BMI.

Results

Contrary to previous models, high-fiber intake was not associated with a uniform enrichment of commensal Clostridia. Instead, Bifidobacterium and Lachnospira were identified as genus-level biomarkers significantly enriched in the HF group, while Bacteroides and Parabacteroides were enriched in the LF group. These associations were confirmed to be robust by multivariable linear regression (P < 0.001). High-fiber intake was not associated with significantly higher alpha diversity within the one-month post-antibiotic timeframe.

Conclusion

Post-antibiotic microbiome signatures associated with fiber intake are distinct and specific. We identified Bifidobacterium and Lachnospira as robust targets for dietary interventions, challenging simplistic models of recovery and highlighting the need for precision nutrition strategies to enhance gut resilience.