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Background <p>Distance-related changes in basketball jump shooting have commonly been examined using discrete kinematic variables, whereas less is known about how multi-joint angular-velocity waveforms vary across shooting distances. This exploratory study aimed to characterize joint angular-velocity waveform patterns across basketball jump-shot distances using OpenCap and multivariate functional principal component analysis.</p> Methods <p>Fourteen male university basketball players performed successful jump shots from 4.6, 5.8, 7.0, and 8.3&#xa0;m, with movement recorded using OpenCap at 60&#xa0;Hz. Sagittal-plane angular-velocity waveforms were extracted for the bilateral hip, knee, and ankle joints and for the shooting-side shoulder and elbow. Waveforms were segmented into COM-defined Loading and Jump Phases. Phase-specific multivariate functional principal component analysis was used to summarize dominant waveform patterns, and linear mixed-effects models were used to explore linear distance trends in component scores.</p> Results <p>No clear linear distance trends were observed in the Loading Phase. In the Jump Phase, three component scores showed linear distance-related trends. Waveform reconstructions suggested greater lower-limb extension angular-velocity amplitudes and shoulder–elbow amplitude modulation at longer shooting distances within the COM-normalized phase.</p> Conclusions <p>These exploratory findings suggest that distance-related changes in multi-joint angular-velocity waveforms during successful basketball jump shots may be more evident during the center-of-mass-defined Jump Phase than during the Loading Phase. At longer shooting distances, waveform reconstructions suggested greater lower-limb extension angular-velocity amplitudes and shooting-side shoulder–elbow amplitude modulation, with relative within-phase feature-location shifts. These results provide a preliminary waveform-level basis for future confirmatory studies on distance-related shooting technique changes.</p>

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Exploratory characterization of joint angular-velocity patterns during basketball jump shots across distances using OpenCap and multivariate functional principal component analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • Ziyang Feng,
  • Zhonghao Xie,
  • Zhiguan Huang,
  • Wenwei Huang,
  • Zhen Wang,
  • Junyi Song,
  • Guoxing Li

摘要

Background

Distance-related changes in basketball jump shooting have commonly been examined using discrete kinematic variables, whereas less is known about how multi-joint angular-velocity waveforms vary across shooting distances. This exploratory study aimed to characterize joint angular-velocity waveform patterns across basketball jump-shot distances using OpenCap and multivariate functional principal component analysis.

Methods

Fourteen male university basketball players performed successful jump shots from 4.6, 5.8, 7.0, and 8.3 m, with movement recorded using OpenCap at 60 Hz. Sagittal-plane angular-velocity waveforms were extracted for the bilateral hip, knee, and ankle joints and for the shooting-side shoulder and elbow. Waveforms were segmented into COM-defined Loading and Jump Phases. Phase-specific multivariate functional principal component analysis was used to summarize dominant waveform patterns, and linear mixed-effects models were used to explore linear distance trends in component scores.

Results

No clear linear distance trends were observed in the Loading Phase. In the Jump Phase, three component scores showed linear distance-related trends. Waveform reconstructions suggested greater lower-limb extension angular-velocity amplitudes and shoulder–elbow amplitude modulation at longer shooting distances within the COM-normalized phase.

Conclusions

These exploratory findings suggest that distance-related changes in multi-joint angular-velocity waveforms during successful basketball jump shots may be more evident during the center-of-mass-defined Jump Phase than during the Loading Phase. At longer shooting distances, waveform reconstructions suggested greater lower-limb extension angular-velocity amplitudes and shooting-side shoulder–elbow amplitude modulation, with relative within-phase feature-location shifts. These results provide a preliminary waveform-level basis for future confirmatory studies on distance-related shooting technique changes.