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Background <p>Few studies have analyzed the medium- to long-term effects of warm-up protocols on biomechanical and performance parameters in athletes. This study evaluated the effects of a 3-week foam rolling (FR) protocol integrated into the initial phase of the warm-up on ankle dorsiflexion parameters and jumping performance through the countermovement jump test (CMJ) in young rhythmic gymnasts.</p> Methods <p>Twenty-six female young rhythmic gymnasts who met the inclusion criteria participated in the study and were divided into the FR group (<i>n =</i> 12; Age = 13.2 ± 2.59&#xa0;years; Height = 152.3 ± 13.34&#xa0;cm; Weight = 39.9 ± 11.22&#xa0;kg) or the C (Control) group (<i>n =</i> 14; Age = 13.4 ± 2.17&#xa0;years; Height = 149.5 ± 13.33&#xa0;cm; Weight = 40.6 ± 10.14&#xa0;kg). An initial evaluation (T0) and an evaluation after the 3-week FR warm-up protocol were conducted. An inertial sensor was used to analyze ankle dorsiflexion using the following parameters: range of motion (ROM) (°), angular velocity (°/s), and fluency index (0–1). An optical detection sensor detected the jump height and flight time of the CMJ test.</p> Results <p>Significant differences were found between T0 and T1 in the FR group and between the FR group and the C group at T1. Significant between-subject interaction effects (F = 32.58; <i>p &lt;</i> 0.001; ηp<sup>2</sup> = .576) and group-by-time interaction effects (F = 9.73; <i>p &lt;</i> 0.01; ηp<sup>2</sup> = .288) were found. Specifically, significant enhancements in CMJ performance (<i>p &lt;</i> 0.001) and angular dorsiflexion velocity of the right ankle (<i>p &lt;</i> 0.05) were noted after the intervention in the FR group.</p> Conclusions <p>Our results suggest that a 3-week FR intervention incorporated into the warm-up routine of young rhythmic gymnasts led to an increase in jump performance, but not in ankle dorsiflexion ROM parameters. Further studies are necessary to investigate the effects of warm-up on biomechanical parameters using longer FR protocols.</p> Trial registration <p>NCT07113249. Registration date: 02/08/2025.</p>

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Effects of a 3-week foam rolling warm-up intervention on ankle dorsiflexion measurements and jumping performance in young rhythmic gymnasts

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月10日

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  • Giacomo Belmonte,
  • Antonino Patti,
  • Irene Rosa Di Mitri,
  • Marco Gervasi,
  • Eugenio Formiglio,
  • Eneko Fernández-Peña,
  • Ewan Thomas,
  • Antonino Bianco

摘要

Background

Few studies have analyzed the medium- to long-term effects of warm-up protocols on biomechanical and performance parameters in athletes. This study evaluated the effects of a 3-week foam rolling (FR) protocol integrated into the initial phase of the warm-up on ankle dorsiflexion parameters and jumping performance through the countermovement jump test (CMJ) in young rhythmic gymnasts.

Methods

Twenty-six female young rhythmic gymnasts who met the inclusion criteria participated in the study and were divided into the FR group (n = 12; Age = 13.2 ± 2.59 years; Height = 152.3 ± 13.34 cm; Weight = 39.9 ± 11.22 kg) or the C (Control) group (n = 14; Age = 13.4 ± 2.17 years; Height = 149.5 ± 13.33 cm; Weight = 40.6 ± 10.14 kg). An initial evaluation (T0) and an evaluation after the 3-week FR warm-up protocol were conducted. An inertial sensor was used to analyze ankle dorsiflexion using the following parameters: range of motion (ROM) (°), angular velocity (°/s), and fluency index (0–1). An optical detection sensor detected the jump height and flight time of the CMJ test.

Results

Significant differences were found between T0 and T1 in the FR group and between the FR group and the C group at T1. Significant between-subject interaction effects (F = 32.58; p < 0.001; ηp2 = .576) and group-by-time interaction effects (F = 9.73; p < 0.01; ηp2 = .288) were found. Specifically, significant enhancements in CMJ performance (p < 0.001) and angular dorsiflexion velocity of the right ankle (p < 0.05) were noted after the intervention in the FR group.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that a 3-week FR intervention incorporated into the warm-up routine of young rhythmic gymnasts led to an increase in jump performance, but not in ankle dorsiflexion ROM parameters. Further studies are necessary to investigate the effects of warm-up on biomechanical parameters using longer FR protocols.

Trial registration

NCT07113249. Registration date: 02/08/2025.