Background <p>Athletes’ nutrition knowledge depends on the sources of nutrition information they are exposed to and their social status. Currently, there is a dearth of literature on the nutrition knowledge of Ugandan athletes. This study assessed endurance athletes’ sports nutrition knowledge, sources of nutrition information, and their dietary consumption patterns.</p> Methods <p>A cross-sectional descriptive study including 100 purposively selected (middle and long distance) athletes from four Athletic Management camps was conducted in Kapchorwa district, Uganda. Using an interviewer-administered questionnaire, trained research assistants collected athletes’ demographic information, knowledge, practices, sources of nutrition information and consumption patterns. ANOVA, Independent t-test, Chi-square analysis, and Binary logistic analyses were done using SPSS^® software version 23.0.</p> Results <p>Most athletes <i>n</i> = 74 (74.0%) in this study were aged between 15 and 17 years with at least 2 years’ experience in athletics. Majority <i>n</i> = 68 (68.0%) of the athletes had good sports nutrition knowledge while <i>n</i> = 32 (32.0%) showed poor knowledge. About <i>n</i> = 88 (88.0%) knew that vitamin consumption can enhance recovery after training. Athletic trainers <i>n</i> = 49 (49.0%) and family/parents <i>n</i> = 28 (28.0%) were primary sources of nutrition information, while nutritionists/dietitians <i>n</i> = 5 (5.0%) and the internet <i>n</i> = 4 (4.0%) were less consulted. Cereals were the most consumed food group <i>n</i> = 72 (72.0%), followed by legumes and nuts <i>n</i> = 67 (67.0%) while the least consumed foods were milk/egg <i>n</i> = 33 (33.0%)), fish <i>n</i> = 25 (25.0%) and meat/poultry <i>n</i> = 13 (13.0%). Good sports nutrition knowledge was associated with adequate dietary practices (<i>p</i> = 0.009). Sports nutrition knowledge differed significantly with age group (F = 4.566, <i>p</i> = 0.013), and between female and male (F = 21.884, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.000) athletes. Age group was a significant predictor (β = 1.925, Ex(β) = 6.853, C. I = 0.882–36.096, <i>p</i> = 0.023) of sports nutrition knowledge.</p> Conclusions <p>In this study endurance athletes had good sports nutrition knowledge, and relied primarily on their coaches/trainers for sports nutrition information. It is recommended that athletic trainers be offered supplementary training in sports nutrition to ensure proper nutrition knowledge dissemination among athletes.</p>